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The concession is a humiliation imposed on colonial or semi-colonial countries by imperialist countries. It is called a "state within a state". The sovereign state has lost its administrative jurisdiction and judicial independence over this place. Starting from the mid-19th century, Britain had opened special concessions in seven port cities in China: Shanghai (soon to be merged into the Shanghai Public Settlement), Hankou, Tianjin, Jiujiang, Guangzhou, Zhenjiang, and Xiamen British Concession.
These concessions in China are the earliest concessions or the only concessions opened locally. The geographical location is quite advantageous, and the United Kingdom is the largest trading country with China. These Chinese and British concessions have developed into prosperous commercial and trade areas, with independent municipal agencies, ministries and bureaus of industry, and police forces.
Japan formed five concessions in China, namely Tianjin, Chongqing, Hankou, Suzhou, and Hangzhou. France also has concessions such as Hankou and Shanghai. The United States originally had the Shanghai Hongkou concession, which was later merged with the British and merged into the public concession. Russia and Germany also had it, but they gradually lost their concession rights due to changes in their respective countries.
Zhang Hanqing once learned the famous saying "Chinese and dogs are not allowed" in middle school history, and since then he has had a strong indignation against the concession.
After the Feng Faction and the People's Party took control of the Chinese government and gradually formed a unified situation, the expansion of Eastern and Western imperialism in China was restrained. Now, it is time to consider expelling this cancer that has stayed on the Chinese nation. .
Under Zhang Hanqing's determination, the newly established Beijing government with majestic courage issued a cry to "take back the concession, take care of tariffs on its own, and abolish unequal treaties" at the beginning of New Year's Day in 1925, which made the oppressed Chinese nation I was inspired and wholeheartedly supported this move. Large-scale demonstrations broke out in major cities such as Beijing, Tianjin, Shenyang, Hankou, Nanchang, Guangzhou, Jiujiang, Shanghai, and Nanjing to show solidarity.
After the People's Army advanced into Shanghai, the ministers from the United States, Britain, Japan and France inquired about the attitude of the Republic of China government and established an alliance. At this time, agents from all parties came on stage one after another. The difference was that Britain, the United States and other countries chose a more "civilized" and "trade open" stance that was more acceptable to Zhang Hanqing - advocating that Shanghai be a free port, and China The government must ensure Shanghai's prosperity and stability.
This idea is more in line with Zhang Hanqing¡¯s thoughts, because it is unrealistic at this stage to force the great powers out of the country, and even if it is achieved, it will not be conducive to the recovery and development of China¡¯s industrial economy - is it necessary to close the country again? Only by changing its appearance and peacefully taking over concession sovereignty by establishing "special economic zones" in later generations but allowing foreign capitalists to continue to make profits is the right way.
It was only the "Four Proposals" put forward by the British: adding printing by-laws, increasing terminal donations, registering exchanges, and the so-called "Bill to Ban Heavy Industry" that undermined China's sovereignty and simultaneously hit China's already fragile national industry and commerce that created the foundation for the Republic of China. The government is firmly opposed to it.
After more than a year of no progress in negotiations, the British decision was passed alone at the Shanghai Taxpayer Conference on June 2, which aroused strong opposition from all walks of life in Shanghai, including the national bourgeoisie.
During the same period, Japan was at a disadvantage in previous battles with the People's Army and the Fengjun Army, and almost lost all its interests in the Northeast except for the Kanto Prefecture and the South Manchuria Railway. The important Jiaoji Railway was actually handed over in the 12th year of the Republic of China under the pressure of the People's Army, so it has always held its breath. Because the Northern People's Army is really powerful and the Northeast is where the Fengtian faction's fundamental interests lie, force has proven to be unfeasible, so the method of aggression has been changed.
Its method is to imitate the British during the Industrial Revolution and use sweatshop methods to squeeze out the surplus value of Chinese workers. The most prominent area is in the textile industry.
After the Sino-Japanese War, China was forced to sign the Shimonoseki Peace Treaty, allowing Japan to set up factories at various ports in China and use China's raw materials and cheap labor to carry out economic aggression. Other major powers followed suit and set up factories at various ports in China.
The Japanese have 23 yarn mills in Shanghai alone, accounting for two-thirds of the total yarn mills in Shanghai. Japanese factory owners treat workers very harshly. Workers work more than 12 hours a day and are paid only 1.5 cents a day. They also have to withhold 5% of the factory's savings, which will not be returned until they have worked for ten years. Those who quit midway have their savings. That is, it was confiscated.
Because the industries under the control of the People's Party are typically heavy in the north and light on the south, which is related to the fact that they started in the Northeast. After the liberation of East China, especially Shanghai, in order not to cause major fluctuations, the policy was mainly aimed at stabilizing the pre-war economy. There are more people's livelihood projects and financial projects, but as for industry, it is still mainly based on the original ones.
In particular, the "Labor Law" of the Republic of China was only popularized in the north. It was still very effective in the concession area of ??Shanghai, especially foreign-funded enterprises. This paved the way for the tragedy that occurred later.
Japan also took action during the same period. In May, dayIn the name of repeated unrest among male workers, cotton mills in Japan actually fired all male workers and replaced them with female workers, which triggered a general strike in 22 factories.
After mediation by various groups in Shanghai, work was resumed on the condition of improving workers' treatment and returning savings. Unexpectedly, the Eighth Factory of Waiwai Cotton Mill fired dozens of workers. The workers were dissatisfied and elected eight representatives including Gu Zhenghong to negotiate with the factory owner. There was a dispute during the negotiation, and the Japanese suddenly shot and killed Gu Zhenghong, and injured seven others.
The injured workers requested assistance from the Ministry of Industry and Commerce Bureau in the public concession. Not only did the Ministry of Industry and Commerce Bureau not give them fair treatment, they instead charged them with disturbing public order. This made the crowd even more angry. On May 22, various groups in Shanghai held a meeting to commemorate Gu Zhenghong. Students from various universities in Shanghai attended. Four people were arrested while passing by the public concession.
Because these places were out of the control of the Republic of China government, the Shanghai headquarters of the People's Party asked government agencies to lodge stern representations with the Japanese side, while entrusting two groups, black and white, to carry out rescue operations.
Originally, it was only a matter between Japan and China, and the public concession had to protect Japan. They believed that no matter what the reason, the Chinese could not be allowed to "make trouble" in the concession, otherwise they would "break the rules." This was mainly caused by the British.
The negotiations between the British and Chinese governments on the "Four Proposals" have been protracted. China will never relent and has long been impatient. It will take this opportunity to put pressure on China. It also serves as a litmus test: once the Chinese government cannot deal with this atrocity by the Japanese and the favoritism of the public concession, then we can use a tougher stance to create a fait accompli, or bypass this endless negotiation.
In this case, the ball is in the court of the PPP. The murderer of Gu Zhenghong, the Japanese "Internal and External Cotton Mills", was in the concession and could not be controlled by the Chinese police; the public concession clearly favored the Japanese, and there was no room for reasoning. This makes the Chinese government feel like they have been slapped in the face and are not allowed to fight back, but considering that the four major powers are behind the concession, and they dare not enter the concession to fight hard, that is a big deal!
We have no choice but to resort to large-scale demonstrations to protest.
The Shanghai Student Union held a meeting and decided to organize a speech team to go to the concession to publicize and protest against the detention of Chinese students. The Shanghai Provincial Headquarters of the People¡¯s Party discussed and felt that this was the only way to go for now, but also considered that the unarmed students could not prevent the possible persecution, so they contacted the gang leader Du Yuesheng through personnel from the Central Investigation Department and asked him to try to take care of them.
The party committee and government of a province represent the country, but they are unable to do anything about what happens in the concession, and instead want to intervene indirectly through the underworld. It is really a shame for the country! This is true even for governments that are relatively powerful, but not for ordinary people! (Remember the website address: www.hlnovel.com