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Chapter 674 An all-round partnership with Germany

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    In this way, the demand and lack of raw materials, interest in China's political intervention, and demands to secretly expand its military strength have prompted Germany to actively deepen and accelerate cooperation with China. China also has a huge amount of resources that Germany lacks.  Strategic raw materials in exchange for the help it urgently needs in terms of industrial and military capabilities.  Sino-German exchanges are of great benefit.

    The same is true in official history: During the two world wars, Germany took a series of measures to open up the Chinese market based on its own interests.  These measures have led to the continuous improvement of Sino-German relations, promoted the growth of Germany's interests in China, and had a profound impact on Germany's diplomatic decision-making towards China.

    In the 1920s and 1930s, various factions in Germany had disagreements on Far East policy, and the issue of German military advisers to China was one of the focus issues.

    There have been many disputes between the Defense Forces and the Ministry of Foreign Affairs surrounding this issue, but their differences are not substantive.  Before the Nazis came to power, the traditional German ruling elite had always hoped to cultivate China as its strategic ally in the Far East. Even after the Nazis came to power, in order to speed up the construction of Germany's military industry and vigorously attract raw materials and foreign exchange, they also actively took measures to cooperate with the Chinese government |  government cooperation.

    Zhang Hanqing also saw this, so when Germany was defeated, he invited German military advisers from a corner of the northeast. During the long-term cooperation, he gained the trust of the German military circles and laid a good foundation for the National Government to fully carry out exchanges with Germany.  Foundation.

    At the same time, China's desire to industrialize to counter the looming specter of Japanese invasion also deepened this cooperation.  Therefore, starting from the 1920s, the two sides hit it off almost immediately and conducted all-round cooperation in industry, agriculture, military and other aspects.

    Germany owes a large part of the credit for the rise of Fengjun in the military and industry. Through a middleman named Lihe Yangxing, Fengjun completed many historic breakthroughs.  For example, the development of the Liao 10-type 80mm and 150mm large-caliber mortars was completed one year earlier than official history, that is, in 1921;

    By purchasing a precision telemetry machine, the Northeast Artillery used it to replace the traditional artillery scope for observation, and mastered the shooting technology of the unobserved test firing and effective firing as shown in the picture, as well as the latest artillery technology of occupying sheltered positions. At that time  The country is advanced.

    Now, Zhang Hanqing is using it to purchase equipment for manufacturing surface ships from Germany.

    Lihe & Co., Ltd. is the agent of Hamburg Steamship Company, Khuber Steel Works, Zeiss Optical Equipment Factory and American Gutli Automobile Tires, etc. It is famous for importing German heavy machinery, precision instruments, railway and mining equipment, and arms.  Its head office in China is in Shanghai, with branches in Qingdao, Jinan, Tianjin, Hankou, Shenyang, Nanjing and other places.

    Any product that Chinese customers need to buy from Germany can be purchased by this bank. The process is: the customer first pays a part of the advance payment to the account in China; the account in China pays the foreign accountant the banknote according to the order situation of multiple orders; the foreign accountant is responsible for paying the German accountant  The enterprise places an order and settles the account after the goods arrive.

    Basically, later on, China would always know about any European breakthrough projects in industrial technology as soon as possible and try to get samples, sketches or finished products.  It has played an indispensable role in the rise of China's military industry.

    Of course it also made a fortune, it was purely a transaction.

    On May 20, 1921, China and Germany signed the "Sino-German Agreement." Its significance lies in that it was China's first equal and reciprocal trade treaty in modern times, and it had an important impact on the economic development policies of the Fengzhi under the guidance of Zhang Hanqing.  In this agreement, Germany made careful plans for the feasibility of entering the market and based its expansion of economic interests in China on long-term and large-scale investment.

    Through the unremitting efforts of the German military-industrial complex at that time, the German Wehrmacht and the All-German Industrial Federation, China's revitalization plan and German economic interests were closely integrated.

    From 1919 to 1922, the largest trading partner of the three northeastern provinces was not Japan, which was nearby, but Germany. Germany¡¯s oil industry raw materials almost completely relied on soybean exports from the Northeast.  By 1923, when the People's Party was fully in power, Germany's trade volume with China was US$347.5 million, while its trade volume with Japan dropped to US$234 million.

    German industry also has a large demand for tungsten sand, antimony, manganese, tin, bristle and tung oil produced in China.

    Take tungsten as an example. Germany is one of the main importers of tungsten sand from China. Since the Weimar period, Germany has been importing tungsten sand from China through private trade. In the 1920s, it was the largest buyer of tungsten in China. By the 1930s, Germany  , Tungsten sand ore has become a vital strategic material in Sino-German trade.

    In less than ten years, the amount of tungsten sand ore imported by Germany from China has increased more than four times. Its growth rate far exceeds that of other commodities. The price index of tungsten sand ore has also risen rapidly. In ten yearsAn increase of 3.4 times, which is unmatched by other commodities.  During the past two decades, the amount of Chinese tungsten sand imported by Germany has continued to increase.

    Please note that tungsten is necessary in the military to manufacture armor-piercing warheads and gun launch tubes; in civilian use, the tool material high-speed steel in the metal processing field is tungsten alloy.

    A group of diplomats appointed by the German government actively participated in various trade and economic cooperation between China and Germany. Some even went to Jiangxi and Guangdong in South China several times to inspect the production of important strategic resources such as tungsten, tweezers, tin and other minerals, and dominated China's  Military procurement plan to Germany.

    To be honest, although the weapons and equipment sold by Germany to China are high in price, they are of high quality.  More German military instructors have developed specific tutorials for the rotational training of the People's Party officer corps and personally participated in the explanations. Of course, they also actively serve the German government.

    Due to the rapid depreciation of the German mark, the credit problem of China's currency and the current situation of currency diversification in the domestic market - basically the domestic "Yuan Datou" and the "Fengtian Bond" started by Zhang Zuolin are at the same value, the two sides agreed on the Sino-German Economic  Trade is mainly done in the form of barter.

    This is undoubtedly the best approach for the current situation of the two countries.

    On August 23, 1924, Chinese Finance Minister Zhang Zhenjiu and the German Hapro Company (formerly known as Handelsgesell Schaft Fur Industrielle Produckte, a private enterprise with a military background) signed the "Sino-German Raw Materials Agreement" in Guling, Lushan Mountain.  and the Agreement on the Exchange of Agricultural Products and Industrial and Other Products, also known as the "Hebulou Treaty".

    In the treaty, it was agreed that China would exchange strategic raw materials and agricultural products such as tungsten sand and manganese sand for German industrial products, especially military supplies.  If military supplies are embargoed by Japan, Britain and other countries, Germany will provide China with corresponding manufacturing machines to solve the problem.

    This barter treaty, which is completely equal and has the same rights for both sides, played an important role for both China and Germany - for China, it solved the dilemma of being unable to obtain international loans due to civil war and huge budget deficits.  , as well as the Western world's substantial obstruction of the import of Chinese weapons, not only promoted China's industrial development, but also provided huge help to the innovation of the Chinese military;

    For Germany, after the signing of the treaty, the raw materials provided by China to Germany almost met all of Germany¡¯s needs, leaving Germany with almost no need to purchase any other products in the international raw material market.

    Another very important Sino-German industrial cooperation plan is the three-year plan of the same year. This plan is jointly responsible for the Resources Committee of the Chinese government and the German Hebulou Company.  The main purpose of the plan is to build an industrial base in the short term to compete with Japan, and the long-term goal is to build an industrial center in Hubei, Hunan, and Jiangxi provinces for long-term industrial development.

    The three-year plan has several basic components, such as the dedicated management of all tungsten and antimony-related businesses in Hubei, Hunan and Sichuan (the People's Party government has not yet gained control of the regional administration, but out of concern for Zhang Zuolin's government  With the trust of the government, the plan has been covered in advance) and other places to build 17 factories, including steel, fuel (coal mines and oil mines), machinery, electrical, chemical and other heavy industry factories and power plants.

    As outlined in the 1924 barter agreement, China would implement these plans by providing rare minerals in exchange for German technology and equipment.  The three-year plan will also train a group of highly educated technical officials for the Republic of China government to take charge of these national plans.

    Don¡¯t tell me nonsense about protecting resources and sustainable production. In this era when others may choke you at any time, the most powerful way for China, which is in a weak position, is to do everything possible to make itself stronger.  When you become truly strong, what's mine is mine, and what's yours is mine, don't you believe it?  This is what the United States will do in later generations, and Zhang Hanqing is also planning to do this!

    Objectively speaking, the German government¡¯s demand for rearmament must ensure the supply of strategic raw materials for its industrial products and military equipment.  In view of this, it has become a trend for large industrial consortiums such as Krupp, Farben, Siemens, Deutsche Bank and Deutsche Bank to invest heavily in China.

    Because at this time, the victorious countries such as the United Kingdom and the United States imposed restrictions on German overseas investment, this kind of investment was carried out internationally through the direct guarantee of the state for foreign investment, international bank transfer and settlement agreements, barter trade arrangements, import licenses and export subsidies.  direct trade between.  For China and Germany, which are short of foreign exchange, this is a good thing with all the benefits and no harm.

    Soon after, the partners of Hebulou Company transferred their shares to the German Ministry of Defense, thus changing the nature of the company from a private company with a military background to a state-owned company. However, this did not affect the trade relations between China and Germany.

    On the day of the transaction, Chinese Prime Minister Wang Yongjiang and German Chancellor Wilhelm.  Marx signed a supplementary agreement to the Hebulou Treaty, the "German-Chinese Credit Loan Contract", in which the German government provided the Chinese government with an indefinite revolving loan worth US$100 million.  In addition, China has promised to purchase equipment and technical data from Germany with a credit of US$100 million at an annual rate of 20%.

    Zhang Hanqing exchanged congratulatory messages with William for this, marking that Sino-German relations have entered the "honeymoon period."  (Remember the website address: www.hlnovel.com)In addition, China has promised to purchase equipment and technical data from Germany with a credit of US$100 million at an annual rate of 20%.

    Zhang Hanqing exchanged congratulatory messages with William for this, marking that Sino-German relations have entered the "honeymoon period."  (Remember the website address: www.hlnovel.com
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