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Chapter 191 Liberating the Peasants is Liberating China

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    Economic development and military reform backed by national power are both money-burning games.  But at this time, people's livelihood is in decline and businesses are waiting for prosperity. Where will the Fengtian military government find money?  After finally repaying the Japanese loan borrowed to increase the army by ten battalions, the fiscal revenue was barely enough for daily expenses.  Feng Delin of the 28th Division did not allow the Guard Brigade to occupy Fengtian's finances. Zhang Hanqing also made bold claims that he would "responsible for his own profits and losses." Now is the time to see the truth.

    A team of nearly 10,000 people needs to eat, pay, and clothe themselves, and nothing can be done without money.  Feeding pigs and raising chickens as a side job can provide food and clothing, but it is not the original intention of establishing this army.  To compete with the Japanese, it is not enough to rely on opportunism. That relies on real skill and strength.  Even Zhu Yuanzhang knew the principle of "building walls high and accumulating grain widely". If he wanted to make a difference in this era, economic strength was the first priority.  In a word, in the Communist era, war burned not oil, but money.

    In Zhang Hanqing¡¯s mind, an increase in gross national product does not necessarily lead to an increase in national strength and status.  The reason is simple: in the late Qing Dynasty, China's GDP ranked first in the world, but it still suffered repeated defeats and ceded territory to pay compensation!

    In 1936, before the outbreak of the Anti-Japanese War, China's GDP was much higher than Japan's, about 1.9 to 2.8 times that of Japan. However, both the Japanese government and the Chinese government, as well as Western observers, believed that Japan's GDP was significantly higher than Japan's.  Stronger than China.

    In modern times, the status of a great power was established through war.  The economic sectors most closely related to the war were industry and transportation.

    The book "The Rise and Fall of Great Powers" believes that the economic aggregate itself is not of much significance. "The material output of hundreds of millions of farmers can eclipse the output of 5 million workers, but because most of their production has been consumed, it is far from sufficient."  It was impossible to form surplus wealth or a decisive military strike force. Britain was strong in 1850. It was strong because of its modern, wealth-creating industry and all the benefits derived from it."  In a war, whether the country can produce enough military supplies and transport these military supplies to the front line in time is an important factor in determining the outcome of the war.  This is also in line with Mao Zedong¡¯s military strategy of ¡°concentrating superior forces to attack the enemy¡±.

    To be honest, China's small-scale peasant economy has been conducive to governance for a long time.  Throughout Chinese history, as long as farmers had land to farm and could live a self-sufficient life, the change of dynasties became almost impossible.  Zhang Hanqing, who has been popularizing Marxist political economics education from middle school to master's degree, can deeply understand the meaning of "agriculture for stability, industry for development, and commerce for prosperity" after returning to the past.

    China is too poor.  While Chinese farmers were still struggling for a sliver of rations with their backs to the earth, radios had become popular in the United States, and the world's largest number of cars and tractors were in use.  Whether it is the representative of the electronics industry or the pillar of the machinery industry, the United States is far behind China.

    China¡¯s arable area is too small, or there is too little land available to Chinese farmers because of monopolies and land mergers.

    In the early years of the Republic of China, the phenomenon of land annexation in Northeast China was very serious.  In rural areas, the fields in a village are often occupied by one family or several larger landowners.  Landless farmers may work as long-term workers and accept exploitation by their employers, or they may have the opportunity to move to the city and become factory workers. Some even go to the mountains to become bandits and do business without capital.  Once there is disagreement, they will return home to farm or directly convert from bandits to soldiers, and then the cycle starts again.  This is also an important reason why banditry was prevalent in Northeast China during the Republic of China and was repeatedly banned.

    Is there any way to deal with these bandits once and for all?  Zhang Hanqing naturally thought of the practices of the ruling party in later generations: divide the land and attack local tyrants!  In fact, this approach is very successful, and history has proven it time and again.  If you think about the fact that from Chen Sheng and Wu Guang onwards, peasant uprisings in all dynasties in China have been based on the temptation of "dividing grain and farmland", you will know how high a position that piece of land has in the hearts of the Chinese people!

    In fact, as long as they have food to eat, how many people are really willing to become bandits?  Because land is concentrated in the hands of landlords, they form the ruling basis of the central and even local governments.  Landowners endlessly squeeze the value of the surplus labor of long-term workers, and some will squander it all again. In addition to increasing social instability, they have made little contribution to the progress of the country.  When the former Soviet Union was founded, it used peaceful redemption methods to gain economic control. Later, before and after the founding of New China, it used armed struggle to seize land from landlords.  However, it is impossible for Zhang Hanqing to use force to confiscate land. Doing so would immediately plunge him and his father's government into chaos. Without a capable political party and the corresponding educated manpower base to complete the fight against big households,  A drastic move¡ªwhat if you fall down in a fight?  Who will govern?

    But the Fengtian military government also did not have the ability to redeem these fields and distribute them to landless peasants like the Soviet Union did in later generations.  All they have is the barrel of a gun!  Zhang Hanqing naturally thought of "guns"There is a famous saying that political power comes out of the child. Yes, with this thing, the government has the final say on what to do!

    The government cannot offend all the landlords by forcibly dividing the land by taking advantage of the big households - some of the more enlightened landlords are the wealth of the Northeast. Many of them traveled to Guandong with their families because of poverty, and earned their wealth with their blood, sweat and wisdom.  Coming to today's hard-won family fortune, Northeast China is about to carry out large-scale economic construction, which requires a large number of such talents to be liberated from the land and unleash their potential talents.  The government should guide rather than force nationalization and then make a big pot of rice. This is actually a huge waste of resources and a new injustice.

    Like the "big eaters" of later generations, a large number of landless or landless peasants can be attracted to join, and the so-called revolutionary success will be achieved in the short term, but its sequelae will only be discovered decades later. It will hinder productivity.  The later "Household Responsibility System" was a large-scale revision of this policy. Why bother!

    The government must not provide money because there is no money, but the government must have money.  This seems to be an endless loop.

    Farmers must be allocated land. This is the basis for establishing a foothold in Northeast China.  However, a loose, comfortable and autonomous rural life has no immediate effect on increasing national strength, and the current situation is that the vast majority of farmers have no land or little land.

    what to do?

    After thinking about it for a long time since time travel, Zhang Hanqing gradually formed an idea: the government uses the "credit" method to forcefully purchase excess land from landlords and distribute it to farmers with little or no land. After a certain period of time (he  The expectation is that the principal will be repaid in 10 or 20 years.  What he wants now is to concentrate all the power of Fengtian and in the future all Northeast China: human, financial and material resources to establish dozens or even hundreds of large and extra-large factories and mines monopolized by the government to complete the primitive accumulation of industry!  This is somewhat borrowed from the later generations' "using agriculture to supplement industry", which was fully cited in China at the beginning of the founding of the former Soviet Union and after the founding of the People's Republic of China. Although it is a bit cruel, it is necessary for backward and poor countries to embark on the road to modernity as soon as possible.  The best way.  Just imagine how much of the credit for Japan's economic boom after the war belongs to the chaebols directly funded by the government - Panasonic, Nippon Electric, Toyota South Korea's ability to squeeze into the ranks of industrialized powers in a corner of East Asia is also inseparable from the so-called Four Koreas.  Hyundai, Kia, Samsung, Daewoo, the pillars of large industry

    What should we do if the big landowners don¡¯t agree?  tax!  Based on ten acres per capita, it is a weak tax, with one draw per ten; thereafter, there will be one level for every ten acres, and the tax will be increased by 50% compared to the previous stage.  According to the personal income adjustment tax method of later generations, Zhang Hanqing established the land harvest adjustment tax.

    On the contrary, landowners who take the initiative to "lease" their land to the government will begin to receive a certain amount of interest after five years - the government should be rich by then, and repaying this interest should not be a problem.  To put it bluntly, this method means spending money to eat and borrow money to develop, but from an economic point of view, it is feasible.

    It doesn¡¯t matter if you don¡¯t want to owe the government credit. Creditors can also have another option, which is to convert all or part of the government debt into shares and invest it in the construction of government-invested industrial enterprises, factories and mines.  You can obtain interest every year by borrowing, or you can become one of the shareholders of the company by buying shares.  This is equivalent to using the government to borrow private capital to complete industrial development. In this way, society's idle resources can be greatly mobilized and marketized to the maximum extent. In economic terms, it is called expanded reproduction.

    Compared with the state-planned economic system in China during the Maoist era, there is no doubt that the market economic system with strong state support implemented by Japan and South Korea is superior. This is also the main reason for the rise of the Four Asian Tigers.  However, compared with the common weak government intervention model in Western countries, as a latecomer country, their governments consider more strategic issues such as industrial development layout and industrial development sequence, and are much more deeply involved in the economy.  For example, after the war, in order to get out of the predicament as soon as possible, the Japanese government first formulated preferential economic policies, followed closely by South Korea. It first met the needs of basic industries such as steel and coal mines and solved the bottleneck problem of economic development, and then formulated a timely plan to double the national economy.  The plan¡ª¡ªsimilar to China's five-year plan, guides the industry to make large-scale investments in key heavy chemical industries and electronics industries and provides full support.  This policy has enabled South Korea to achieve outstanding results among the "Four Little Dragons".

    In any case, the foundation of Japan and South Korea after the war was good. Unlike China now, the industry is basically zero, and a limited number of clubs were established by the Japanese.  Even so, the situation in Northeast China is much better than that in Guannei. In a word, other parts of China are poorer and more backward.

    Zhang Hanqing is determined to build a complete economic system from scratch, but at present, he has a very profound understanding of the meaning of "liberating China's farmers, liberating China's productive forces, and liberating China."  The source of funds for industrial development must come from agriculture. The task of liberating farmers begins with land reform.

    After obtaining Zhang Zuolin's permission and surrounded by a group of think tanks, Zhang Hanqing entered the Xinmin area in northern Feng Province as a prince to carry out the famous "Xinmin Land Reform" pilot in history.  These new measures he wanted to take, as well as subsequent "disarmament" or party building, the new and old Fengjun top brass all watched with suspicion and caution, but they gave him few constraints on his actions.  (Remember the website address: www.hlnovel.com)After approval, Zhang Hanqing, surrounded by a group of think tanks, entered the Xinmin area in northern Feng Province as a prince to carry out the famous "Xinmin Land Reform" pilot in history.  These new measures he wanted to take, as well as subsequent "disarmament" or party building, the new and old Fengjun top brass all watched with suspicion and caution, but they gave him few constraints on his actions.  (Remember the website address: www.hlnovel.com
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