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Appendix 1: The real Northeastern Army in history

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    Appendix: The real Northeastern Army in history

    The Northeastern Army, famous for launching the Xi'an Incident together with Yang Hucheng's Northwest Army, was originally a local armed group.  Its predecessor was the Feng Army under the command of Zhang Zuolin, the great warlord of the Feng Clan.  After Zhang Xueliang held the change of flag in Northeast China at the end of 1928, it was organized into the Northeast Frontier Defense Force and incorporated into the Nanjing government military system, with a strength of about 300,000 to 400,000 troops.  Its commander-in-chief Zhang Xueliang is the commander-in-chief of the Northeast Frontier Defense of the National Government and the deputy commander-in-chief of the national army, navy and air force.

    After the Japanese Kwantung Army launched the September 18th Incident in 1931, Chiang Kai-shek ordered "non-resistance" and "avoid conflict", while Zhang Xueliang fantasized about "relying on the central government" and using international intervention to solve the problem of Japanese invasion.  The Northeastern Army surrendered the three fertile northeastern provinces and reluctantly retreated into Shanhaiguan, writing a page of shame in history.  Seeing the tombs in their hometown being trampled, and their parents and sisters being humiliated, the soldiers were filled with indignation and demanded to "go back to their hometowns!"  The Blockade War and the Harbin Defense War dampened the arrogance of the invading army and promoted the rapid rise of anti-Japanese volunteer armies across Northeast China.  Celebrities and patriots from all walks of life in the Northeast who had entered the country in exile appealed for the establishment of the Northeast People's Anti-Japanese Salvation Association in Peiping on September 27, 1931, and vigorously carried out work to support the volunteers.  At the beginning of 1933, the situation took a turn for the worse. The Japanese army marched in, Shanhaiguan fell, and the defenders of Rehe and Chahar were defeated.  In March, amidst the angry condemnation of the people across the country, Chiang Kai-shek completely transferred the blame for the land loss to Zhang Xueliang, forcing Zhang to resign and go abroad.  In accordance with Zhang Xueliang's instructions before leaving, the Northeast Army gathered in North China to plan a return home.

    In January of the following year, Zhang Xueliang returned to China and took office as deputy commander-in-chief of the "Suppression General" of Hubei, Henan, and Anhui in March. Part of the Northeast Army went south to "suppress the Communists."  In the autumn of 1935, the Chinese Workers' and Peasants' Red Army successfully arrived in northern Shaanxi during its Long March.  Chiang Kai-shek established the Northwest "Suppression General" in Xi'an, appointed Zhang Xueliang as deputy commander, and transferred the Northeast Army into Shaanxi and Gansu.  At this time, the Northeast Army had about 160,000 troops, four-fifths of which were driven into Shaanxi and Gansu to participate in the "suppression of communism".  After three battles at Laoshan, Yulinqiao and Zhiluo Town, nearly three divisions were lost in more than two months.  Chiang Kai-shek not only refused to supplement the army, but also reduced its military numbers and military pay.  The harsh reality forced Zhang Xueliang and the soldiers to think deeply.  The officers and soldiers were tired of the civil war, and the calls for an end to the civil war and unity against Japan were rising day by day. Zhang Xueliang also felt that if it continued, the entire army would be destroyed, and there would be no hope of returning home, so he began to explore a new way out.  In December, Zhang Xueliang went to Nanjing for a meeting and secretly transferred to Shanghai to meet with Du Chongyuan, Li Du and other patriotic figures.  Du and Li bluntly advised Zhang Xueliang: Stopping the civil war and uniting all patriotic forces to resist Japan is the best way out for the Northeast Army.  Later, he introduced Liu Ding, a secret member of the Communist Party of China, to work for Zhang Xueliang.

    At the same time, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China held the Wayaobao Conference in 1935 and established the anti-Japanese national united front policy.  Based on the situation of the Northeast Army, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China put the united front work on the army on the important agenda.  On January 25, 1936, Mao Zedong, Zhou Enlai, Peng Dehuai and others jointly issued the "Message from the Red Army to All the Soldiers of the Northeast Army for the Willingness to Jointly Resist Japan with the Northeast Army."  On April 9, Zhou Enlai and Zhang Xueliang held talks on joint resistance to Japan and national salvation in Yan'an.  The Northeastern Army established the direction of uniting the Communist Party to resist Japan and laid the most important cornerstone for the formation of an anti-Japanese national united front in the northwest region.  In June, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China established the Northeast Army Working Committee with Secretary Zhou Enlai and members including Ye Jianying and others.  On the 20th, Zhou Enlai personally presided over the drafting of the "Guiding Principles on the Work of the Northeastern Army" of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, stating that "it is our basic policy to win the Northeastern Army to the anti-Japanese front."  Under the guidance of this policy, the vast number of soldiers and civilians in the Shaanxi-Gansu base area actively carried out work to win over the Northeast Army.

    After the Yan'an talks, Zhang Xueliang went all out to prepare for the anti-Japanese war. He not only made a truce with the Red Army, but also got along well with Yang Hucheng's 17th Route Army (stationed in Shaanxi and Gansu).  In June, Zhang Xueliang ordered the founding of "Xijing Minbao" to promote anti-Japanese resistance to officers, soldiers and the public.  On the 15th of the same month, Zhang and Yang jointly opened the "Chang'an Officer Training Group" in Wangqu Town to instill anti-Japanese ideas in middle and senior officers.  On the 22nd, Zhang delivered a speech entitled "The only way out for China is to resist Japan" at the regiment, pointing out that "anti-Japanese is the biggest mission of the Northeast Army" and that it is its mission to "draw all the forces of the entire nation to the anti-Japanese front for a long-term war of resistance."  , calling on the entire army to "rather fight to the death than wait to die!" Zhang Xueliang's determination and confidence in resisting Japan played a great role in improving the thinking and unifying the understanding of the entire army.  In early September, in order to add fresh blood to the army, Zhang Xueliang accepted the Communist Party's suggestion and recruited more than 300 progressive youths and students from Beijing, Tianjin and other places (many of whom were members of the Communist Party, the Communist Youth League and the Democratic Pioneers) to set up a cadet corps.  In the same month, the Anti-Japanese Comrades Association, a core anti-Japanese organization led by Zhang Xueliang, was secretly established within the Northeast Army.  During this period, Zhang Xueliang also sent representatives to Shanxi, Sui, Hebei, Guangdong, Guangxi, Xinjiang and other places to contact local powerful groups and plan for a joint anti-Japanese war. At the same time, he used various opportunities to persuade Chiang Kai-shek and asked him to change his "resolute policy of resisting foreigners".  The reactionary national policy of "pacifying domestic affairs first".

    ??After the Northeast Army entered Shaanxi and Gansu, many Communist Party members secretly joined the army and made great efforts to help it embark on the anti-Japanese front.  At the end of June 1936, under the leadership of the Northern Bureau of the Communist Party of China, underground party members within the Northeast Army established the Northeast Army Working Committee.  Since then, the underground party has become more active in the Northeast Army. Regardless of the headquarters, various units, officer training groups and cadet teams, as well as newspapers, communications brigades, etc., there are Communist Party members inside to promote the principles of resisting Japan and saving the country, and unite and educate the officers and soldiers.  From August 30 to early October, Zhu Lizhi and Ye Jianying went to Xi'an one after another to discuss with Zhang Xueliang the plan of the Northeast Army, the 17th Route Army and the Red Army to jointly resist Japan, and further strengthened the Northeast Army's anti-Japanese work.  Under the guidance of the anti-Japanese national united front policy, the underground party organizations within the Northeast Army and the northwest region cooperated with each other to continuously set off a new upsurge of anti-Japanese and national salvation. Progressive newspapers such as "Xijing Minbao", "Dongwang" and "Northwest Cultural Daily" became  Anti-Japanese mouthpieces, national salvation groups such as the Northwest Anti-Japanese National Salvation Federation and the Northeast People¡¯s National Salvation Association were established one after another, and jointly held activities to commemorate the fifth anniversary of September 18th, commemorate Lu Xun, and raise funds to support the Anti-Japanese War in Suizhou.

    The cause of resisting Japan and national salvation closely linked the Northeast Army, the 17th Route Army and people from all walks of life. Inspired by patriotic enthusiasm, the soldiers were determined to devote themselves to the fight against Japan.  On November 27, Zhang Xueliang wrote to Chiang Kai-shek, sincerely asking for help.  Chiang sternly refused, and at the same time ordered to intensify the suppression of the national salvation movement, and planned to mobilize about 30 divisions of his direct troops to enter Shaanxi and Gansu in an attempt to annihilate the Red Army and force Zhang and Yang to submit.  On December 4, Chiang Kai-shek sat in Xi'an and threatened Zhang and Yang to "suppress the Communists", otherwise the two armies would be driven out of Shaanxi and Gansu.  Chiang's perverse behavior made Zhang and Yang intolerable, and finally triggered the Xi'an Incident that shocked the world.  The peaceful settlement of the incident played an important historical role in promoting the second cooperation between the Kuomintang and the Communist Party and uniting against Japan.  Zhang Xueliang, Yang Hucheng and the officers and soldiers of the Northeast Army and the 17th Route Army made important contributions to the Chinese people's anti-Japanese cause.  After that, Zhang Xueliang was placed under house arrest by Chiang Kai-shek, and the Northeastern Army was downsized and transferred to Henan, Anhui, and Jiangsu.  Zhang Xueliang was imprisoned, but he still wanted to fight against Japan. He wrote to the generals of the Northeastern Army many times, encouraging his subordinates: "We must arm the (Northeastern Army) with our blood and this little bit, and provide (contribution) to the elders of the Northeast  In order to show my skills on the anti-Japanese battlefield."

    After the July 7th Incident broke out, various units of the Northeastern Army quickly marched to various anti-Japanese battlefields together with the national army. Among them, the 49th Army, the 57th Army, and the 67th Army fought bloody battles in the Battle of Songhu and the Battle of Nanjing, and suffered heavy sacrifices;  The 51st Army participated in the battle to defend the Huaihe River and Xuzhou (including the Battle of Taierzhuang), and later advanced into southern Shandong with the 57th Army; the 53rd Army moved to Hebei, Henan, Hubei, and Hunan, and later entered Burma and Vietnam to fight against Japan.  In the fierce fighting, generals such as Wu Keren, Zhu Hongxun, Wu Tonggang, Liu Guiwu, Fang Shuhong, Huang Dexing, Liu Qiwen, Hu Xianmei and countless officers and soldiers, including many Communist Party members, died heroically and sacrificed their lives for the country.  After Zhang Xueliang was detained, the Northeast Army suffered a lot of losses and was disintegrated under Chiang Kai-shek's policy of eliminating dissidents.  The majority of officers and soldiers awakened one after another, and with the help of the Communist Party, they gradually broke away from the control of the Nanjing government and embarked on the road of independently carrying out guerrilla warfare.  In October 1937, Lu Zhengcao, commander of the 691st Regiment of the 53rd Army, raised the anti-Japanese banner in Jizhong. After being reorganized by Xiaoqiao, the army developed rapidly and was later organized into the third column of the Eighth Route Army and established the Jizhong Military Region.  In August 1942, Chang Enduo, commander of the 111th Division of the 57th Army, and Guo Weicheng, secretary director and political affairs director of the Sulu Theater Zone, led the division to stage the "August 3rd" uprising.  After hearing the news, the Shandong Branch of the Communist Party of China immediately sent secret party members Wan Yi (commander of the 333rd Brigade of the division) and Wang Zhenqian who had withdrawn from the division to return to the army.  The New 11th Division elected Wan Yi as its commander (Chang Enduo died of illness), and was later organized into the Binhai Detachment of the Eighth Route Army.  In August 1945, under the order of Commander-in-Chief Zhu De, Lu Zhengcao, Wan Yi, Zhang Xuesi and others led their troops to advance into the Northeast, realizing the long-cherished wish of General Zhang Xueliang and the people of Northeast China to recover their homeland from the humiliation of the Snow Country.  The Northeast Army went through a painful and tortuous road towards the anti-Japanese battlefield.  They used their blood and lives to contribute to the victory of the Anti-Japanese War.  (Remember the website address: www.hlnovel.com
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