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On the first day of the first lunar month, the most solemn, warmest, and most complicated etiquette is New Year greetings.
New Year's greetings is to arrange mutual worship activities within the relatives according to the relatives of the blood relationship. This is the core task of the Spring Festival. After that, it is necessary to interact with those who are related by marriage to pay New Year's greetings. After this circle, it is really busy. Almost.
[1] "Flying Post" Anonymous
? You don¡¯t have to enter the mansion to pay New Year¡¯s greetings,
Send a business card to meet people;
? New Year celebrations are like this everywhere,
A large sum of money was given to the paper shop.
In the early morning, every family goes to pay New Year's greetings. The elders also prepare some red envelopes to give to the children of relatives and friends, so that everyone can pray for good luck. However, during this period, everyone will go out to pay New Year's greetings. In order to avoid missing the time to meet, two very interesting customs have evolved.
For example: When you go out to pay New Year's greetings, take some red posts with you. Write your name on the post. If the owner is not at home, you will leave a red post to indicate that you have come to pay New Year's greetings. This is called "post".
Let's talk about another situation: scholar-bureaucrats have the most extensive friendships. If you go around to pay New Year's greetings, it will waste time and energy. As a result, a kind of "flying stickers" became popular among officials and literati, similar to the current greeting cards. He only needs to send his servants to bring his "red stickers" and put them in the red paper bags with "receiving blessings" written on them in front of each house.
[2] "Happy New Year" Wen Zhengming. Poem
Don't ask for a meeting, but a visit,
? Famous papers come to fill our house;
I also voted papers with others,
The world is too simple to be too empty.
Although the imperial physician Yu Yannian's official rank is much higher than Liu Guan's, except for the one-year filial piety at home for his deceased wife last year, he comes to Liu Guan's house almost every year to pay New Year's greetings. Because they still have an in-law relationship - Yu Yannian's niece, Liu Haohao, is Liu Guan's biological niece.
Of course, this relationship was not enough for Yu Yannian to come to the house in person. What attracted him most was that on the first day of the lunar new year, all the literati in the capital would gather in the Liu family's old house.
Among this group of people, Liu Guan is the oldest and knowledgeable. He has a deep and melancholy appearance, works in calligraphy, and is good at appreciating ancient objects and calligraphy and painting; he is well-versed in classics, history, Baishi, mathematics, alchemy, and Buddhism; , is a well-known writer, poet, philosopher, educator and calligrapher and painter.
As the Spring Festival passed year after year, there were fewer and fewer people: first, Fan Ji, one of the "Four Masters of Yuan Poetry", went to serve as the governor of Minhai Province in Fujian; I went to Zhuji Prefecture to serve as a judge; what made everyone saddest was the safe death of Zhao Mengfu, the leader of the painting circle the year before last, and the death of the great poet Yang Zai last year.
Yu Yannian is not a literati, he is just a doctor [an official in charge of medical affairs in ancient times]. He was able to become acquainted in the literary and art circles, all because of his superb medical skills. These alcoholic geniuses often don't spare their bodies. When they get sick, they invite the imperial physician to treat them.
Yu Yannian was whispering to his eldest brother-in-law Jiexisi, when the doorman shouted: "Mr. Wang Dexin has paid New Year's greetings to my lord!" Then he sent the "Flying Post" to Liu Guan.
Who is this Wang Dexin? He is Wang Shifu, a composer in Beijing and the screenwriter of the drama "The Romance of the West Chamber".
Jie Xisi said to Liu Guan: "Isn't Wang Dexin the first one to arrive every year? Why is there only one 'flying post' this year?"
"Yes," Liu Guan said, "I don't know why I didn't come this year."
Jiexi asked: "He must be seventy this year!"
Liu Guan said: "Not yet, ten years older than me, this year, sixty-six."
"Sixty-six years old is good!" Jiexisi laughed. "There is a saying, 'a person lives to be sixty-six, and he has to eat a piece of meat from his daughter'. Tell me, who will eat his knife when he has so many goddaughters? Where's the meat?"
Liu Guanbai took a look at Jiexisi and scolded: "You, what an old and unscrupulous old man!"
"Hey, tell me, is he ill?" Jiexisi turned to Yannian and said, "Yannian, do you need to go home and see, in case Wang Dexin asks you to go to the doctor you must be sure." Don't delay him, it's almost seventy years old"
"Brother-in-law, if you want to drive me away, just say so, why are you using the name of Wang Dexin!" Yu Yannian said again, "Isn't it true that you are going to drink flowers and wine at the 'Xiang Street' later? Be careful, I will tell my elder sister .¡±
Jie Xisi said: "What kind of flower wine to drink, I am worried that Wang Dexin is sick."
"If he is really sick, is there a doctor?"
"Hey~, you are an imperial doctor?? medical services.
When it developed to the Tang Dynasty, the establishment of official medical institutions was more perfect. There was a shrine department under the jurisdiction of the Ministry of Rites, which was mainly responsible for partial administrative affairs such as medical decrees, and another affiliated to the Taichang Temple, which was mainly responsible for the training of medical talents and medical treatment. The Imperial Medical Administration, which practiced medicine and saw a doctor, also set up the Shangyao Bureau to manage the medical services of the palace.
The Song Dynasty made some changes on the basis of the Tang Dynasty. Medical administrative affairs were assigned to the newly established Medical Officer Bureau under the Imperial Academy, and the Tang Dynasty Imperial Medical Office was changed to the Imperial Medical Bureau. It is divided into Shangyao Bureau and Yuyaoyuan. The local official medical institutions in the Song Dynasty were also well developed. Each county was assigned medical officers, and an official medical clinic was opened near the gate of the county government. The specific number of medical officers was based on the number of households in each county. Quota allocation, once there is a shortage, immediately contact the higher authority for supplementation.
After getting the news, the higher-level organization will immediately arrange for the successful medical officers of the Imperial Medical Bureau to take up the post. This kind of official medical institution in the local area is like the imperial court. It not only has the responsibility of medical services, but also some administrative affairs. Processing, such as issuing medical qualification certificates to some private doctors and business qualification certificates to some pharmacies.
Because this system was comprehensive in the social environment at that time, it continued until the Qing Dynasty, with only occasional adjustments in some details, such as increasing the ratio of the number of medical officers to the number of households. Since the Tang Dynasty, the government has gradually relaxed the private practice of medicine, leading many medical officials to open profit-making clinics and pharmacies while holding a solid job, and many of them have become extremely rich.
During the Ming and Qing dynasties, people ridiculed the prescriptions of imperial hospitals. They obviously enjoyed public medical care and invited imperial physicians to see them. Prescriptions, it has been a long time, and everyone knows that to seek medical treatment from an imperial doctor, you can't take the official route, you have to take the private route, and get the prescriptions for the treatment of diseases in the form of spending money. This has led medical officials to put more energy on making money for themselves, thus preventing the development of the service level of government-funded medical services in official medical institutions.
no.2 The development of the public medical audience in ancient times:
When public medical care was introduced, the target group was relatively narrow, but with the development of time, this area has become wider and wider. During the Tang Dynasty, the eunuchs and maids at the bottom of the court were covered on the basis of the royal nobles and officials. In addition, it was clearly stipulated that if they were ordinary people serving corvee, officials and maidservants serving in the official government, or prisoners in prisons, etc. Diseases can receive public medical services. If the relevant officials do not act, they will be whipped at least, and exiled at worst.
Eunuchs, court ladies, official households, maidservants, and common people in corvee service are not only the bottom of society, but also the people who serve power institutions. It is a matter of course for them to enjoy public medical care. As for the prisoners, they have no financial resources, and they are also people who need to enjoy public medical care.
?Besides these people, those who need public medical care the most are those low-level people who live in poverty. It is a luxury for them to have a full stomach. How can they pay for their own expenses? These people are often the main force of great turmoil in the late period of a dynasty. They are determined to fight if they can¡¯t survive. Therefore, before the Tang Dynasty released private medical practice, the conspirators who organized the turmoil often used free medical treatment to gather people¡¯s hearts, such as the Yellow Turban Uprising.
? The Tang Dynasty learned from the previous dynasties, in order to reduce the contradictions in public medical care, and specially established a health care workshop to provide public medical services to the poor. After the founding of the Song Dynasty, it inherited the system of the Tang Dynasty and changed the name of the infirmary to Anjifang. Because the government¡¯s finances could not meet the public medical expenses of all people, the imperial court was very strict about the management of Anjifang. People could go there whenever they wanted. Therefore, after the imperial court introduced some policies to benefit the people in terms of medicines and other aspects, it encouraged the people to build nursing homes independently. Although the people's medical treatment in the nursing home is not completely free, the cost will still be much lower.
(3) Conclusion
In the development process of public medical care in ancient times, due to social attributes, there were problems of harming public welfare and private interests, but it is undeniable that this system is still positive. Everything in the world, nothing is perfect, there are good and bad, we should look at things dialectically, whether there are more benefits or more disadvantages? The ancient rulers have always been committed to expanding the good side and reducing the bad side. For example, allowing more people to enjoy public medical care is to expand the good side, and making the selection system for medical officers more and more strict is to reduce the bad side. Under the economic situation in ancient times, the rulers could still popularize public medical care as much as possible. With this, the problems that occurred are not worth mentioning. (Remember the site URL: www.hlnovel.com - Didn't finish reading? Add this book to your favoritesI'm a member and bookmarked this chapterCopy the address of this book and recommend it to your friends for pointsChapter error? Click here to report
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