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Chapter 539 Beyond the Treaty

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    To comfort Japan, the United States also compensated him.  On February 6, 1922, the United States, Britain, Japan, France, and Italy signed the "Washington Naval Treaty" in Washington to limit the tonnage of naval capital ships.  In this treaty, Japan, whose naval strength was originally far inferior to that of France, suddenly gained power far exceeding that of France.

    The treaty stipulates that the total tonnage ratio of warships and battlecruisers of each signatory country is 10:10:6:3.5:3.5.  At the same time, strict restrictions were placed on the construction, rotation, tonnage and weapons of capital ships.  The treaty also stipulates that the signatory countries maintain the status quo in defense zones and naval bases on the Western Pacific islands.  The five countries also signed a separate treaty regulating the use of submarines and poison gas.

    The biggest winner of this treaty is still the United States, followed by Japan: through this treaty, the United States gained equal status in naval power with Britain, known as the "Empire on which the Sun Never Sets," allowing the United States to eventually dominate the two oceans by relying on its powerful industrial power.  Open Pandora's box.  Japan has openly become a regional naval power and expanded its actual presence in the Pacific.

    Washington's arms agreement was actually a "mutual pursuit on paper." The United States tried to ensure the status quo in the Pacific in the Four-Nation Treaty and the Nine-Nation Treaty reached at this conference, and to strengthen the "Open Door" proposed in 1899 and 1900.  "The credibility of the policy.  If these goals can be achieved, the need for the United States to maintain a naval force in the Far East will be greatly reduced, eliminating the need to station a naval force to protect the Philippine Islands and U.S. commercial activities in the region.

    As for the United Kingdom, because of the rise of Japan's naval power and the inability to deploy the vast majority of its maritime power in the Asia-Pacific, it wisely chose the United States to ally with Japan or the United States. From then on, it not only accepted the reality that the United States was on par with it, but also had to cooperate in the Asia-Pacific and the United States.  The United States advances and retreats together - because its power is not enough to check and balance Japan alone.

    Another international conference related to China was held in Washington, the capital of the United States, from November 11, 1921 to February 6, 1922. Participants included the United States, Britain, Japan, France, Italy, the Netherlands, Belgium, and Portugal.  , the nine countries of China, and the final resolution was called the "Treaty on Principles and Policies Applicable to Incidents in China", referred to as the "Nine-Nation Convention".

    This time, the Chinese government sent Shi Zhaoji, Gu Weijun, and Wang Chonghui as plenipotentiary representatives, and Yu Rizhang and Jiang Menglin as national representatives. A huge delegation of more than 130 people attended. Its top priority was to solve the Shandong issue.  The original plan also included Wu Chaoshu, the deputy director of foreign affairs of the Guangzhou government, as a representative. However, Sun Yat-sen did not recognize the Beijing government and requested to be sent by himself, but Wu Chaoshu did not go.

    During the meeting, China proposed to take back its tariff autonomy, cancel consular jurisdiction, withdraw foreign troops stationed in China, and take back concessions and leased areas, but they were all rejected.

    This is also expected.  Such a big concession cannot be tolerated by the major powers including the United States. However, this proposal was put forward by the Chinese Beiyang government under the instruction of the United States.  Because the United States is preparing to propose an "open door" policy, its premise is to "respect China's sovereignty, independence, territorial and administrative integrity" and establish the principles of "open door" and "equal opportunity" for all countries in China.  Japan dominates Shandong, so this policy cannot be implemented.

    Let the Chinese delegation ask for prices all over the country, which will inevitably force all countries to pay back the money on the spot. In this way, China's Shandong issue can be solved. The British, with a "guilty" mood, may not want Japan to dominate China.  Bar?  As long as Britain and the United States are synchronized, France, Italy, the Netherlands, Belgium, and Portugal will not be a problem.  It is difficult for Japan alone to compete with the eight countries.

    It cannot be said that the American diplomatic strategy was unsuccessful. In fact, the strength of the Americans and the background of signing the contract in Washington have shown that the United States has an unshakable position in Asia.

    The talks between China and Japan were completed on February 4, and the Treaty on the Resolution of the Shandong Issue and its Addendum were signed in Washington.  The treaty stipulates that Japan will return the old German leased land to China, and China will open all the land as a commercial port; the Japanese troops originally stationed in Qingdao, the Jiaoji Railway and its branches should immediately withdraw; Qingdao Customs will be returned to China; the Jiaoji Railway and its branches will be returned to China, etc.  .

    Although this appendix stipulates many special rights for Japanese and foreign nationals, China recovered the sovereignty of the Shandong Peninsula and the rights and interests of the Jiaoji Railway through this treaty, which can be said to be the greatest blessing among misfortunes in old China.

    Two days later, the United States, Britain, Japan and China signed the Treaty on Principles and Policies Applicable to Incidents in China.  In order to ensure the outcome of the negotiations on the Shandong issue, it is stipulated that the contracting parties "shall not enter into treaties or agreements or agreements or understandings with each other or with any one or more countries individually or jointly", infringing or hindering the principles mentioned in Article 1;

    In Article 3, it is further implemented.?The principle of "open door" and "equal opportunity": shall not seek or sponsor its own people to seek "general superior rights regarding business or economic development in any designated area in China" and "any patent or superior right."  All countries have equal trade opportunities with China.

    Relevant provisions stipulate that the nine countries will establish an international committee to study China¡¯s tariff policy.

    This article is essentially a new aggression, but under the guise of respecting China's sovereignty, it essentially coerces the Chinese government to implement the principles of "open door" and "equal opportunity" and prevent Japan's hegemony through the openness of the conclusion of the treaty.  China's purpose has been extremely poorly evaluated in Chinese history.  Mao Zedong once said, "The convention signed at the Nine-Nation Conference in Washington convened by the United States in 1922 returned China to a situation of joint dominance by several imperialist countries."

    Because this treaty restricted Japan¡¯s monopoly over China during the war, the United States was the leader and the British and Japanese imperialists jointly controlled China¡¯s aggression.  Regarding this treaty, Zhang Hanqing believes that even if it is not a good treaty, it will not make China's current situation worse.  Because at least, Japan's strong penetration in Northeast China can be prevented.

    The reason why he spared no effort to "join" the British and Americans in the Northeast was to adopt the strategy of "using the barbarians to control the barbarians" and try to get them to board his chariot, even though he knew that this kind of pinning his hopes on would never "speak for China".  "Yingmei's body is just a kind of spiritual comfort.  However, compared to Japan's dominant one, he is still willing to make more changes.

    Because times have changed, Zhang Hanqing feels that as long as there is strong strength, there may be value in using this treaty to prevent possible territorial threats.  Since Japan captured Dalian in the Russo-Japanese War in 1905, its government has been entrenched in Northeast China for many years and has never dared to openly use troops on a large scale here, which also shows the binding force of this treaty on Japan.

    After the meeting, in response to the resentment and complaints of the Japanese representatives, the British representative Balfour said: "The British Empire needs the Anglo-Japanese alliance, but it also needs the reduction of armaments and the friendship of the United States."

    However, Britain's concession did not bring benefits to the United States. The United States will not give up all efforts to fight for Britain's world hegemony just because of a concession from Britain and the promotion of friendly relations between Britain and the United States. Just like when Britain and the United States had a sharp conflict over the cruiser issue in 1928, Britain  As the Admiralty put it in criticizing the policy of the Foreign Office: "We were always making concessions, and were always told that the next step would be a change of attitude, with the result that they were more than ever seeking to gain an advantage over us, and to  Be skeptical.¡±

    The relations between Britain, the United States, and Japan did not improve permanently because of a treaty. On the contrary, the dissatisfaction hidden in it continued to ferment for a period of time, making the situation in the Far East not in the direction of peace.  develop.  As Tyler Dennett, an authority on the Far East, summed up: "Every country, including the United States, is responsible for all the scourges that now constitute the Far East problem. We should all still abandon our belief in justice and innocent victims forever.  It is better to face the reality with a repentant mood."¡ª¡ª

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