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The reason why Lamende works so hard is to repay the olive branch extended to Britain and the United States by Fengxiang. In order to counter Japan's penetration in North China, Zhang Hanqing frequently sent dignitaries to visit envoys and representative businessmen of British and American countries in Tianjin and Beijing to preach the new government's attitude towards friendly cooperation with Britain and the United States, and promised to protect their interests in China and the safety of overseas Chinese. , encourage investment.
Britain and the United States, acting as agents of the Zhili clique, already have interests along the Yangtze River. In order to further control the political situation, they must adopt a prudent attitude of cooperation with the Beijing Beiyang government under the control of the Fengcian clique. The U.S. Congressional group has basically reached an understanding with the factional forces represented by Zhang Hanqing. In order to concentrate on dealing with Japan and the subsequent industrial layout, Zhang Hanqing had to compromise and admit the U.S. railways in the Yangtze River Basin and the Jinpu Line, Beijing-Hankou Line, etc. political and economic rights along the route. Moreover, on the condition that Qinhuangdao, Huludao, and Yingkou are allowed to be stationed in Qinhuangdao, they will receive a loan of 100 million yuan from the United States and a loan of 60 million yuan from the United Kingdom.
??¡ª¡ªIt's not a lack of money. In fact, Zhang Hanqing has quietly taken out 100 tons of gold and turned it into the foreign exchange reserves of various banks in the Northeast. That is a huge property of 500 million US dollars! The introduction of new competitors is, firstly, to restrain Japan's excessive economic development and monopoly in the Northeast when it is the only one in the Northeast. Secondly, it is also for security - in order to protect their own interests, at least Britain and the United States will not easily agree to Japan's monopoly in the Northeast. Not only that, after Britain and the United States have huge interests in Northeast China, they are bound to interfere with Japan's actions in Northeast China. At least Qinhuangdao, Huludao and Yingkou are safe. These three places are also important ports and economic development channels in Northeast China.
As for whether it will lead to attracting wolves into the house and keeping the tail large, Zhang Hanqing also thought about it in detail, but the final conclusion is that Britain and the United States are pursuing interests, at least they will not have the ambition to actually occupy the Northeastern land like Japan. For the sake of expediency, temporary pain is still necessary.
Under Zhang Hanqing¡¯s personal layout, the industrial capabilities of the Fengxi Department have made great progress. As the basis of industry, a country's steel production basically represents the country's industrial capabilities and war potential.
In 1915, the "Benxihu Coal and Iron Co., Ltd." started production. By 1917, it had two 300 cubic meter blast furnaces, and later added two small blast furnaces (each furnace has a daily iron production of about 20 tons) to smelt high-quality pig iron. In 1916, China and Japan jointly established the "Zhenxing Iron Ore Co., Ltd." in Anshan. "Anshan Iron Works" was officially opened in 1918, with two blast furnaces of 515 cubic meters. Later, four coke ovens and one blast furnace of 693 cubic meters were built. Because these companies are major holdings in Japan, 2/3 of the iron they produce is shipped to Japan. In the name of the Northeastern United Provincial Autonomous Government, Zhang Hanqing requested that land and resources be counted as shares and obtain ownership of the remaining 1/3 of the output.
To equip a Feng-style standard army division and maintain it, nearly 10,000 tons of various steel materials are needed annually. In order to prevent life-and-death military industrial capabilities from being in the hands of the Japanese, Zhang Hanqing advocated the establishment of various steel plants outside the customs and in the areas controlled by the Fengjun in the northwest, namely Tangshan Iron and Steel Co., Ltd. and Lanzhou Iron and Steel Plant. Among them, Lanzhou Iron and Steel Works is wholly owned by the government. It has built three new blast furnaces with a daily output of 450 tons, and relied on the abundant electricity in the northwest to build an electric furnace. This is one of the early steel-making electric furnaces in China. Tangshan Iron and Steel Co., Ltd. plans to attract investment in the north. The first phase of the project has an annual production capacity of 300,000 tons of iron and 50,000 tons of steel.
In addition, the Northeastern United Provincial Autonomous Government took advantage of Hanzhiping Iron and Steel Company's financial difficulties and acquired it. Hanyeping Coal and Iron Works and Mines Company was jointly formed in 1908 by Hanyang Iron Works, Daye Iron Mine, and Pingxiang Coal Mine, and was converted into a commercial company. At that time, a new 150-ton iron mixing furnace was built, and production developed further. In 1910, the No. 3 blast furnace with a capacity of 477 cubic meters (about 250 tons of iron per day) was built. From 1909 to 1911, four 30-ton open-hearth furnaces were built. After the Revolution of 1911, a new iron plant was built in Daye Lime Kiln, with two blast furnaces (each furnace produces about 450 tons of iron per day); Hanyang Iron Plant also built No. 4 blast furnace with 477 cubic meters and No. 7 open-hearth furnace with 30 tons, and corresponding The production of Pingxiang Coal Mine and Daye Iron Mine was expanded. During World War I, steel prices soared, and Han Yeping prospered for a time. After the war, steel prices plummeted, and Han Yeping relied on loans to survive, and it declined ever since. The Northeast Iron and Steel Corporation under the Northeastern United Provincial Autonomous Government took advantage of the situation and discussed in Shanghai the acquisition of 51% of the company's Hanyang Iron Works.
At the same time, in other places in China, only Baojin Iron Works was established in Yangquan, Shanxi, Hexinghua Iron Works was established in Shanghai, Yangzi Machinery Company established a blast furnace with a daily output of about 100 tons of iron in Chenjiaji, Wuhan, and Longyan Iron Ore Jingshan Iron Works. Steel production plant.
Under the influence of the share of the Northeastern United Provincial Autonomous Government, by the end of 1920, the national iron output reached 710,000 tons and the steel output was 154,000 tons. The pig iron and steel output in the hands of the Feng Clan accounted for 69% and 70% of the national total respectively. %, nearly twice as much as the same period in history.
Comparing the steel production of major countries in the world in 1920: the United States 42.81 million tons, the United Kingdom 9.21 million tons, Germany 8.54 million tons, France 2.71 million tons, Japan 810,000 tons, the Soviet Union 160,000 tons, and of course China?A huge gap. This small amount of steel is not enough to fully meet military needs, not to mention that the vast Northeast also has huge needs in Xing'an, Rehe, Suiyuan, and Chahar: railways, agriculture, and industry. This number is too small. But considering that China only reached the peak of steel production in 1936: 50,000 tons in official history, this figure is already quite extraordinary.
The production of other metallurgy is not inferior either. The largest copper smelting enterprises in the country include the Northeast Metal Mining Company Shenyang Smelter. The lead and zinc mines mined in the Northeast include Jilin Tianbaoshan, Liaoning Yangjiazhangzi, Qingchengzi, and Pigou Gold Mine Bureau Director. The mine used the amalgam method to extract gold from copper sulfide and iron sulfide ores. In 1920, the gold output exceeded 10,000 taels. The Shenyang Smelting Plant, Huludao Shufou Zinc Smelting Plant, Ore Processing Agent Plant and Sujiatun Nonferrous Metal Processing Plant are also operating well.
As another important factor that reflects national strength, the modern transportation industry, the performance of the areas under the jurisdiction of the Fengxi system is even more outstanding. The orderly construction of eight railways changed the situation in Northeast China.
Since the Middle East Railway started from Harbin, Harbin has become one of the important railway hubs in Northeast China. Because of the importance of the Heilongjiang province at this time and the lack of Japanese penetration, Heilongjiang was also a top priority in the construction of the Fengxian system. Starting from Harbin, one, two, and three railway lines have been built.
The main line runs through Jiamusi to Fujin, Tongjiang, and finally to Fuyuan on the Sino-Russian border. Fuyuan is separated by a river from Khabarovsk, the largest city in the Far East of Soviet Russia. It will be an important channel for economic and trade contact with the Soviet Union until the Far East Intervention Force withdraws soon. Together with Suifenhe, the eastern end of the North Manchuria Railway, it is responsible for controlling Heilongjiang. The important task of eastern border defense;
One line extends north to Yichun, passing through Suihua and Tieli; it is an important passage connecting the back of Heilongjiang Province (Harbin is too far to the south);
? One is connected to Jilin City, Jilin Province. This road is connected to the railway line from Shenyang to Jilin via Qingyuan, Meihepin, Panshi, Yongji that was started at the same time. It will bypass the Japanese-controlled South Manchuria Line from Changchun to Shenyang. Although it is a big detour, it is owned by the Chinese government after all. It can also promote transportation links across the province and has major economic benefits.
In Jilin Province, preparations for the Ji'an-Tongliao Railway have begun, and preparations will be made to extend northward to Xilin Gol in Xing'an Province in order to extend into Mongolia after the founding of the country in the future. However, in the early stage, the eastern section of Siping connecting Liaoyuan, Meihekou to Tonghua and Ji'an will be the first priority - considering that the Japanese controlled the section from Siping to Shuangliao, the autonomous government did not want to be dominated by others in the middle section of the artery, and Financial resources also do not allow for simultaneous advancement.
The two most important railways in Northeast China are both in the northwest of Shenyang.
In Liaoning Province, a passenger and freight railway line has been started from Shenyang connecting Zhangwu, Fuxin, Chaoyang, Lingyuan, Pingquan to Chengde, connecting western Liaoning and Rehe. This is the only railway line that can avoid the busy connection inside and outside the pass. A major artery - the second channel of Jingfeng (Shen). Chengde is the provincial capital of Rehe, only more than 400 miles away from Beijing.
In the hinterland of Monan Mongolia, a lifeline is opened, starting from Chengde, connecting to Shuangliao via Chifeng and Tongliao, and then directly from Changling to Harbin. It is also the lifeline of the three eastern provinces. Its purpose is that once Liaoning is in a tight situation, Heilongjiang ministries can transport troops to Shenyang as quickly as possible without being tied up by the South Manchuria Line. Because Shenyang has opened a direct railway to Shuangliao¡ª¡ªis it a joke? How come the young marshal's wife's natal family is not open to the train? Since Yu Aozhou became the chairman of Northeast Agricultural Bank the year before last, the two parties hit it off and financed the construction of this road.
To be honest, since China entered modern times, the best opportunity for China to catch up with foreign countries is to build railways. Cornerstones and sleepers are primitive materials that are easy to handle; rails are primary processing of resources, which are at least simpler than building machines. Of course, motorcycles are hard currency, and China does not yet have the ability to do so.
The changes in the lives of the people in Northeast China brought by the construction of the railway are astonishing. The first is the substantial increase in employment opportunities. Since there are no corresponding machines, almost 100% of the raw materials are transported manually. In this way, in the Northeast, you can see ant moving crowds busy at construction sites in cities and villages where the railway passes. Different from the "after-autumn reckoning" in agriculture, working on a construction site is settled on a daily basis, and there is rice and broth to eat in the morning and evening. This was unimaginable in the past. Therefore, looking at the people working nearby, in some remote places or places where railway lines are not accessible, it is natural that people "stand on high hills in the morning, hoping that the railway will be built to their hometowns."
In terms of highways, in accordance with the propaganda of "To get rich, pave roads first", various parts of Northeast China have spontaneously built bridges and paved roads. In 1920, densely populated counties were opened to automobiles. It was planned to open roads to towns with more than 10,000 people by the end of 1924. Let the spider-like road network of the Northeast make every small town easily accessible to the sense of self-government.
In the northwest, Lanzhou-Jiuquan, Lanzhou-Yinchuan-Baotou-Guisui highways will be built with Lanzhou as the center. These roads will be used to connect the northeast and northwest, and start to connect the northeast and northwest. The Longhai Railway extends to Gansu and Shaanxi sections for feasibility survey.
A powerful Fengxian under construction is ready to emerge. (Remember the website address: www.hlnovel.com)Conduct feasibility survey on the Suzhou and Shaanxi sections.
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