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Chapter 379 Outer Mongolia|Independent Incident

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    Since the large-scale construction of the Liaoning Arsenal, Fengjun's equipment has been upgraded to a new level, and Fengjun's strength has also improved by leaps and bounds, so the Anhui clique has also stationed heavy troops for defense near Rehe.  In the situation where the pass is temporarily out of reach, it would be a clever move to open up the situation from the north.

    So after the domestic events gradually subsided, Zhang Hanqing turned his attention to Outer Mongolia.

    There have been many nomadic ethnic groups that have thrived on the Mongolian Plateau from ancient times to the present, such as the Huns, Rourans, Uighurs, Turks, etc.  During the Song Dynasty of China, the Turkic forces faded out of the area and the Mongols moved in.  All Mongolian tribes belonged to the Jin Dynasty. In the early 13th century, Genghis Khan, the leader of the Mongols, unified all the Mongolian tribes in the area and established the Mongol Empire.  The Yuan Dynasty later established by Kublai Khan included most of what is now China, the Mongolian Plateau, and outer northeastern China.

    During the Ming Dynasty, the remaining Mongolian forces retreated beyond the Great Wall to maintain the Northern Yuan regime and confront the Ming Dynasty.  Later, the Manchu rulers formed an alliance with the tribes of Monan Mongolia (ie Inner Mongolia), entered the Central Plains, and established the Qing Dynasty.  Other Mobei and Mongolian tribes gradually became vassals of the Qing Dynasty.  As of the Republic of China, it was divided into administrative divisions, with 4 ministries, 2 regions, 116 banners, 4 ranches, and 36 subdivisions under its jurisdiction.

    The relationship between various Mongolian ministries and the Qing government was quite different.  They either married into Manchu rulers or were conquered by force.  The ministries of Inner Mongolia, which are closer to the Qing regime, have a close relationship with the central government, while the Outer Mongolia, which is far away from the central government, namely Khalkha Mongolia or Mobei Mongolia, has a close relationship with the central government.  Relations with the government have always been relatively distant.

    The central government set up ministers in Kulun (today's Ulaanbaatar) to prevent the Mongolian separatist regime.  Those who were annexed during the Nurhachi and Huang Taiji eras were called Inner Mongolia, and those who were later annexed were called Outer Mongolia. Those who had meritorious service to loyalty and Qin could continue to inherit the hereditary inheritance. Those who had doubts about loyalty and Qin, such as Chahar, were assigned Manchus as Chahars.  Hardu ruled, Tumut was ruled by Suiyuan City generals, and the Daur people were dealt with in a similar way.

    Starting from the 16th century, Tsarist Russia managed Siberia and began to communicate with Outer Mongolia.  After the Opium War, while occupying China's northeastern and northwest territories, Tsarist Russia also deliberately sought to occupy our Mongolian region to realize its dream of "Yellow Russia". It successively formulated the "Miller Plan", "Muraviev Plan"  Plan" and "Badamayev Plan" arrogantly proposed to occupy a large area of ??Chinese territory from Siberia to the foot of the Great Wall.

    To achieve this goal, a series of despicable methods were used.  However, the Sino-Russian treaty before 1870, although it severely damaged China's sovereignty, did not change the ironclad fact that Mongolia belongs to China.

    But Tsarist Russia still has ambitions!  The "Brenschi Boundary Treaty" and the "Kyakhta Boundary Treaty" signed by China and Russia in 1727 (collectively known as the "Brenschi Treaty") affirmed that Mongolia belonged to China.  However, Tsarist Russia obtained the privilege of trading in Kyakhta and Outer Mongolia.

    In 1854, the Governor-General of East Siberia Muravyov said, "Once a coup occurs in China, the new Chinese government should not be allowed to expand its power to Mongolia. In this case, Mongolia should be protected by Russia."  Most of the unequal treaties signed between Tsarist Russia and the Qing government included clauses regarding Russia's interests in Mongolia.  During this period, Russia vigorously promoted economic, cultural and military exchanges with various Mongolian ministries.

    After the Revolution of 1911, as the rule of the Qing Dynasty gradually disintegrated, at the instigation of the Russian consul in Kulun, the eighth living Buddha of Outer Mongolia, Jebtsundamba, sent Hangda Dorji and Chelin Qimit as envoys to Russia.  Tsarist Russia believed that the time had come to split Mongolia, so it began to cultivate pro-Russian forces and distributed weapons in large quantities to prepare for the independence of Outer Mongolia.

    On November 30, the Russian and Mongolian troops surrounded the Mongolian Affairs Minister¡¯s Office of the Qing government in Kulun, disarmed the Qing army, and escorted the Minister of Affairs Sanduo and his entourage out of the country.  Jebtsundamba took the opportunity to declare the independence of Outer Mongolia (Uriyasutai) on December 28, appointed himself "Ezhen Khan" as the Emperor of Sunlight, and changed the Yuan Dynasty to share the title, but it was not widely recognized.  A year later, the "Russian-Mongolian Agreement" and the "Special Commercial Treaty" were signed. These two treaties established that Tsarist Russia actually ruled Mongolia.

    When the news came out, the whole country was in an uproar. From the government to the people, people were furious. Inner Mongolia also issued a solemn statement that it does not recognize all treaties of the Kulun puppet government.

    On October 3, 1912, Kosowitz, the former Russian Minister to China, signed the "Russian-Kurban Treaty" with the Jebzundamba government in Cullen.  In 1913, the Tsarist Russian authorities forced the Beiyang government under Yuan Shikai to sign the "China-Russia Statement" document.  The statement stipulates: Outer Mongolia recognizes China's suzerainty and is part of China's territory.  China and Russia recognize Outer Mongolia's autonomy.  China is not allowed to station officials or troops in Outer Mongolia, nor is it allowed to immigrate.  While Tsarist Russia can, Mongolian affairs need to be resolved by agreement between the two countries.

    This treaty gave China the false title of suzerain, while Tsarist Russia still controlled Outer Mongolia.  In 1915, the "China-Russia-Mongolia Agreement" was re-confirmed, confirming the 1913 document. Tsarist Russia was very satisfied with it.  China, Russia and Mongolia signed the Agreement in Kyakhta on June 7, 1915.Bishi also interrupted at this time. He said that there were 3 million people in Inner Mongolia, while there were only 1 million in Outer Mongolia. The meaning was profound.  In view of this information from China, Stalin sent a telegram to Mao Zedong, stating: "The leaders of Outer Mongolia advocate the merger of all Mongolian areas in China with Outer Mongolia in accordance with the principle of an independent and unified Mongolia. The Soviet government expressed its opposition to this  A plan because it meant cutting off many areas from China, although this plan did not threaten the interests of the Soviet Union. We believe that even if all Mongolian areas are unified into an autonomous region, Outer Mongolia will not give up its independence |  Immediately implement autonomy within Chinese territory. Naturally, the decision-making power on this matter belongs to Outer Mongolia itself!"

    This is already an unmistakable threat.  However, in view of the international situation after the founding of New China, it was impossible for China at that time to solve the Mongolian issue in the hands of the Soviet Union.

    After the death of Stalin, Mao Zedong and Premier Zhou formally requested Mongolia from the Soviet leaders for the second time and were rejected. In the end, the issue of Outer Mongolia was left to future generations. So far, 1.566 million square kilometers of land no longer belong to China.  (Remember the website address: www.hlnovel.com
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