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Chapter 355: Outline of Fengjun Army Building

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    "The Outline of the Founding of the Fengjun Army", a military work that was later regarded as a guide by the People's Party and also known as Zhang Hanqing's military thought, mainly absorbed a series of achievements of the great Mao throughout his life, and also drew on the system formed by the Kuomintang. It is divided into:

    The army implements the "three-three system" principle at the regiment level and below.  This is inspired by Mao Zedong's famous "Three Bays Adaptation". After all, triangles are stable.  After the reorganization, all the main forces of the Fengjun Army were organized at the division level. The division had two infantry brigades and division-affiliated artillery regiments, cavalry regiments, engineer battalions, reconnaissance battalions, communications battalions, supply battalions, and special agent companies.

    Each infantry battalion has three infantry companies (with 9 light machine guns), 1 heavy machine gun company (with 6 heavy machine guns), and 1 infantry artillery platoon (with 2 infantry guns).

    In addition to three infantry battalions, each regiment also has a small artillery company and a communications platoon.  Of course, artillery cannot do this at this stage, but everyone must work hard to achieve this in order to form the firepower advantage of the same division of the Fengjun Army over a division of the Beiyang Army in Guan Nei.

    In this way, the total number of reorganizers reached 14,000.  In order to unify the organization, the artillery regiments and cavalry regiments under each division will be reorganized into the same numbers as the divisions. For example, the artillery regiment of the 27th Division is assigned the 27th Artillery Regiment, and the cavalry regiment of the 28th Division is the Cavalry.  28 groups¡­

    If necessary in the future, it can be very easy to change the system of two brigades and four regiments into the system of two brigades and six regiments, and the extra regiment in each brigade will be new recruits; if it needs to be expanded, it will also be easy. On this basis, each brigade will  When an old regiment is brought out to lead the new with the old, it can easily be transformed into a system of three brigades and nine regiments.  Future officers will be seeded with officers at all levels from Fengjun's existing six divisions.

    Does the Guards Division need to be given a number?  No need, the Guard Division itself is a designation.

    As a garrison-level security brigade, it has implemented the "three-three system" from the beginning. The brigade has direct jurisdiction over artillery battalions, cavalry battalions, etc., but the artillery here is also virtual.  Like the artillery unit that lacks mountain artillery, the establishment and manpower have been planned, and each unit is given one or two cannons for daily training.  In Zhang Hanqing¡¯s words, ¡°people wait for equipment, rather than equipment waiting for people.¡±  The Shenyang Arsenal cannot make cannons now, but it will definitely be able to in the future.

    An important achievement of the "Fengjun Army Building Outline" is the implementation of the chief of staff system, which was fully implemented by Zhang Zuolin.

    ??Previously, Zhang Hanqing spared no effort to promote the status of chief of staff, mainly to pave the way for Zhang Zuoxiang, then chief of staff.  He just instinctively felt that the system of one division and two brigades had certain risks for division commanders to control the army, and it had not yet risen to the level of establishing modern military doctrine.  His initial implementation of the duties of chief, deputy brigade chief of staff and regimental commander in the Guards Brigade was just a preview to enhance the status of chief of staff. Strictly speaking, the standard ranking order should be regimental commander and brigade chief of staff rather than the other way around.  .  As for the deputy brigade commander, chief of staff and regimental commander, they are a joke in other armies.

    From the Beiyang period to the National Government period, the responsibilities of the Chief of Staff were as general as ever.  For example, in the "Regulations on the Responsibilities of Division Headquarters Personnel" of the Qing Imperial Guard in 1911, the duties of the chief of staff are as follows: "The staff officer assists in control and planning of aircraft maintenance." In 1933, the National Revolutionary Army's "Organizational Regulations of the Army Infantry Division Headquarters"  "", there is still only one sentence about the chief of staff's responsibilities: "Assist the division commander to participate in confidential planning, and guide all affairs within the department." During the Eighth Department period of the old army, the chief of staff mainly played the role of military assistant to the commander of the unit or guest.  His duty is only to assist the commander in handling all military affairs, and he is not responsible for specific business organizations.

    So in this era, if the chief of staff of an army is transferred to the brigade commander of a certain brigade, he will definitely have to host a few banquets, because it means that he has been reused.  In other words, in most cases, although the military chief of staff is slightly equal to the brigade commander in rank, his status is obviously lower than that of the brigade commander.  And if the chief of staff of a certain army becomes a division commander, he will laugh out loud even in his dreams, but such a beautiful thing can only exist in dreams, because it is difficult to find such examples in the old army.  In other words, the chief of staff of the army is far lower than the division commander of the division to which he belongs, both in terms of class and status.

    This can also be understood why Zhang Zuolin always felt sorry for Zhang Zuoxiang when he was transferred from the commander of the 27th Division Artillery Regiment to the chief of staff of the division and chief of staff of the Military Governor's Office.

    Historically, after the Kuomintang transplanted the staff system of the US military during the War of Liberation, the chief of staff was stipulated to be the main assistant to the commander of the unit. The combat orders of the unit commander must be countersigned by the chief of staff before they can take effect. The status of the chief of staff is undoubtedly determined from the perspective of regulations.  Enhancement and protection.  But most of this was a piece of paper, and this system basically failed to be implemented until the national army was defeated and fled Taiwan.

    Zhang Hanqing decided to implement changes in advance.  During his time in the Guards Brigade, he had already put aside operations such as combat and reconnaissance.??The staff subordinates, and elevated the chief of staff to the status of the head of the army.  Because the Guards Brigade Military Order and Regulations stipulate that the brigade commander, brigade chief of staff, and director of the brigade political department collectively decide on major military affairs.  Later, it was upgraded to the Guards Division and the 1st Division was expanded. This regulation was also followed.

    After Zhang Zuolin served as the patrol envoy to the three eastern provinces, he had a lot of military governors and division commanders under his command. How to effectively control the swelling army immediately became a life-and-death issue.  Complete control of each unit means that the energy is completely insufficient; but out-of-control warlords and division commanders can easily become entrenched in their own territory, and power control cannot rely entirely on loyalty.  Zhang Zuolin himself was a warlord, but he didn't want new warlords to appear under his control.

    At this time, Zhang Hanqing's chief of staff system effectively restricted the power of the governors of each province, because the military orders of the governors required the counter-signature of the chief of staff of the governor's office.  The chiefs of staff of each military governor's office were appointed by Zhang Zuolin, and were under the direct command of the chief of general staff of the patrol mission Similarly, the division commanders of each division and the brigade commanders of the mixed brigades were also restricted by the chiefs of staff at the same level, and these  The chief of staff also reports to the chief of staff of the Military Governor's Office on business matters There are more constraints, and there are fewer disturbing thoughts.

    Another achievement of the "Fengjun Outline for Building the Army" is the improvement of military discipline.

    In the history of the Republic of China, in terms of military discipline, the Kuomintang's party army was the best, followed by Feng Yuxiang's Shaanxi Army, Wu Peifu's Direct Army was also good, but the Fengjun Army's discipline was the worst (of course, the armies led by Zhang Xueliang and Guo Songling were exceptions)  .  Therefore, in terms of combat effectiveness, it is not surprising that the Fengtian faction, which had superior numbers and equipment, was at a disadvantage during the two Zhizhi-Fengtian wars (of course, Wu Peifu lost the second Zhi-Fengtian war in official history with a shot in the back of Feng Yuxiang, otherwise  Whether Fengjun can win or not remains to be seen).

    Zhang Zuolin himself still wanted the army to look like an army, and he strongly opposed disturbing the people. However, since the main source of upper-level, middle-level and lower-level officers in the Fengjun army were horse bandits, the quality of the soldiers was also uneven, and it was necessary to achieve the ideal  The "civilized teacher" is basically hopeless.  But with Zhang Hanqing here, everything is different.  The feedback of the "Three Disciplines and Eight Points of Attention" implemented by the Guard Division and the First Division is quite good, and has been praised both internally and externally in practice.

    Zhang Zuolin did not avoid relatives during internal promotions and ordered the entire army to execute them.  Since the popularization of these regulations, Fengjun officers and soldiers have understood that they are the army of the Northeast people, and it is the duty of soldiers to protect their homes and country.  It not only initially solves the question of "who are fighting for" among soldiers, but also establishes a positive image of soldiers in society. When the morale of soldiers increases, their combat effectiveness will naturally not be bad.

    The control of the Guard Division and the First Division was Zhang Hanqing's ban. Of course, mature revisions began to be carried out. From top to bottom, he began to describe the principle of unconditional submission of soldiers to politics - this later evolved into "insisting the party's absolute control over the army".  Leadership", later Zhang Hanqing simplified it to "insisting that the party commands the gun, rather than the gun commanding the party."

    It¡¯s time to give the military a clear name.  With a unified establishment, each unit cannot be allowed to work independently, and it is also necessary to establish a commander-in-chief awareness in the entire army. Zhang Zuolin accepted Zhang Hanqing's proposal to integrate the armies of the three eastern provinces and call it Fengjun.

    There is no distinction between the provincial defense force, the security force, and the road protection force. We are all serving the army.

    Naturally, Zhang Zuolin is the well-deserved commander-in-chief of the Fengjun Army.  Under the headquarters, there are eight departments, including the chief of staff and secretary, staff officer, adjutant, government affairs, education, ordnance, military medicine, and military law.  The system of "military orders" and "training orders" was improved, and all soldiers were controlled by Zhang Zuolin.  Wu Junsheng and Sun Liechen are deputy commanders, Zhang Zuoxiang is chief of general staff, and Zhang Hanqing is deputy chief of general staff and chief of staff.  In order to reduce differences in military orders and personnel confusion, the patrol mission and the Fengjun General Headquarters implemented two sets of teams and one set of personnel.

    Wu Junsheng worked hard to exterminate the Pakistani bandits and the battle of Huzi, and took the blame for Zhang Hanqing. He also made great contributions to Zhang Zuolin's capture of Heilongjiang, and he obeyed the orders of Zhang Zuolin and Zhang Hanqing.  Due to all the previous contributions and the contributions of these two "blacks", as one of the founders of the old Feng Army (the three ace divisions of the 27th Division, 28th Division, and 29th Division), he was appointed as the deputy commander-in-chief of the Fengjun Army.  This also established Wu Junsheng's status as a veteran of the Feng Dynasty.

    Not to mention Sun Liechen, he was completely the spokesperson of Zhang Zuolin; Zhang Zuoxiang rose to the top due to the promotion of his status as chief of staff, and together with Wu and Sun formed the troika of the Fengxian.

    Zhang Hanqing also officially rose to the highest level of power in the Fengtian clique due to his position as the General Counselor of the Inspecting Mission. In addition, his status as the "supervisor" of the Northeast Lecture Hall and the deputy chief of staff of the Fengjun Army also added a lot of color to him.  Of course, what makes him equal to the Troika and become an independent pole is the fact that he is the chairman of the Kuomintang and has complete control over the two divisions.

    Due to the improvement in finance, the salary of military personnel can be significantly improved.  In addition to receiving allowances, soldiers can also receive 10 acres of tax-free land in their place of origin during their enlistment, which greatly boosts morale.  The equipment was also replaced by cannon. By the end of 1918, the 27th, 28th, and 29th divisions were all equipped with division-affiliated artillery regiments with unified standards. The Guards Division, the 16th Division, and the 1st Division were all equipped with division-affiliated artillery battalions.  (Remember the website address: www.hlnovel.com)The division-affiliated artillery regiment has a unified standard. The Guards Division, the 16th Division, and the 1st Division are all equipped with division-affiliated artillery battalions.  (Remember the website address: www.hlnovel.com
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