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Chapter 348 Northeast New Deal

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    The difference between great people and insignificant people is that they are also loved. Great people are not trapped by the love of their children, but instead seize opportunities in it.  In just one night, the Huang family's role as a giant in grain management in Northeast China was established.  From then on, the Huang family rose rapidly in the financial world and brought endless help to the young marshal.

    With land reform in full swing and the fight against banditry and rebellion beginning to dawn, the Zhang Zuolin government held a meeting in November to fully launch the first three-year economic development plan for the three northeastern provinces. The comprehensive construction of Northeast China conceived by Zhang Hanqing was launched vigorously.  At this time, the results of land reform had not yet had time to be directly converted into government revenue. Zhang Hanqing's efforts on Soviet Russia changed the tight financial situation.

    You must know that Article 6 of the Treaty of Xinchou stipulated that the Qing government should compensate eight "victimized countries" including Russia, Germany, France, Britain, the United States, Japan, Italy, and Austria, as well as Belgium, the Netherlands, Spain, Portugal, Sweden, and Norway.  Military expenditures and losses were 450 million taels of silver. The period of compensation was from 1902 to 1940. The annual interest was 4%. The total principal and interest was 980 million taels. It was the "Gengzi Indemnity".  Russia's distribution rate among various countries was the largest, accounting for 28.97%. Since Russia sent troops to Manchuria, which required the most expenses, the amount of revenue was the largest, with more than 130.37 million taels.  The Qing government could only repay old foreign debts with customs duties. In order to raise compensation, it apportioned an annual amount of more than 21.21 million taels to various provinces and customs, which resulted in land tax, grain tax, deed tax, pawn tax, salt price increase, etc.  Customs duties, taxes, unified taxes and various exorbitant taxes and miscellaneous taxes continued to increase.  Accordingly, Russia controlled all customs in the three northeastern provinces. It was only after the "Russian-Japanese War" that Russia lost the two important seaports of Dalian and Dandong.  Changchun is the watershed between Japanese and Russian forces, and Harbin is the Russian sphere of influence.  The power to define tariffs and customs administration in various places is not in the hands of the Northeastern United Provincial Autonomous Government.  Therefore, although Zhang Zuolin controlled the military and political affairs of Feng Province in the early stage, he was financially constrained and controlled by others.  The simplest example is that even when competing with Feng Delin for the leadership of Fengtian, he needed to borrow 5 million yuan from Japan to maintain it.

    As early as the beginning of the "October Revolution" in the Soviet Union, Zhang Hanqing took the lead in persuading Zhang Zuolin to recognize the Soviet Russian government in the name of the patrol envoy of the three eastern provinces.  Such a God-given opportunity, if I don't take advantage of this moment to get some benefits, my life in this world will be in vain.  In history, this opportunity was wasted - Fengjun's strength was not at this level at the time, and there was no "think tank" like Zhang Hanqing in Fengjun who had the foresight.  The real Zhang Xueliang "plucked himself up" in 1929 and engaged in the "Middle East Road Incident" to regain possession of the North Manchuria Railway.  Unexpectedly, the Soviet Union, which had recovered its strength, beat him into disgrace. From then on, a desert road was formed between Russia and Russia, and the nine-nine-year-old Soviet Union was completely cut off.  A possible rescue opportunity for Soviet Russia when something happened on 18th.

    Opportunities sometimes only last a moment.

    The new Soviet Russian government, which was under threat from the White Bandits and many foreign interference forces, quickly reciprocated this timely act of providing help: the Soviet Russian government announced that it agreed and supported the peace between the Northeastern Autonomous Government and the Far Eastern Republic.  Agreement, and determined to give up all Russian privileges in China (mainly in the northeastern part), including the return of the unpaid portion of the Gengzi Indemnity.  After negotiations with the Northeastern United Provincial Autonomous Government, it gradually gave up its control over the North Manchuria Railway during the Tsarist Russia era and transferred it to Sino-Soviet co-management, with sovereignty in China.  All these exchange conditions ultimately have only one purpose: to use Russia's good relations with Russia as an opportunity to prompt the Beiyang government to recognize the new Soviet power.

    According to Zhang Hanqing¡¯s analysis, this was by no means a good intention of Soviet Russia: the Soviet government established by the Bolshevik Party in Soviet Russia in 1917, on Lenin¡¯s suggestion, signed the Brest-Litov Agreement with Germany on March 6, 1918.  Treaty of Skopje.  Although this treaty was signed by Russia and Germany, it greatly angered various anti-Bolshevik forces in the Soviet Union and abroad because this treaty allowed Russia to cede a large area in western Russia.  Lenin judged that Germany would soon be defeated, and that the ceded land would not be retained by a defeated Germany, and would eventually fall into the hands of the Soviet government. This move still aroused dissatisfaction among the opposition; on the other hand, the war in the East was hampered by the treaty  By turning to peace, the dying Germany avoided the interference of continuing the two-front war and was able to delay the war that was about to end for a while. In addition, the fear of socialism was also one of the important reasons for the later intervention of the great powers.

    The civil war in Soviet Russia is raging, and the red regime is still worried about whether it can hold on. Moreover, Japan is eyeing the war in the Far East, so it is naturally happy to be a favor.

    However, under the influence of Zhang Hanqing, Northeast China was the first place in modern China to partially recover its tariff autonomy, which greatly increased Zhang Zuolin's domestic prestige.

    ?Also relying on the revenue obtained from tariffs, the Northeastern United Provincial Autonomous Government has safely resolved the fiscal deficit and debt repayment crisis in the most difficult first year.  After passing this hurdle, from then on, as the national treasury gradually filled up, the government's financial turnover became better and better every year, and repayment became easier every year.When Zhang Zuolin came to power in the Northeast, his ally and important confidant Zhang Zuoxiang advocated that "sticking to the outside of the pass to recuperate, train soldiers, and expand strength" was the best policy.  Zhang Hanqing used the wisdom of later generations and was mainly responsible for formulating the Northeast New Deal, which mainly focused on the simultaneous advancement of politics, military and economy, thus producing the "First Three-Year Plan for the Development of the Northeast National Economy", "Fengjun Construction"  Three epoch-making programmatic works were the "Military Outline" and the "Regulations on the Founding of the Northeastern People's Party" with the support of Zhang Zuolin.

    The "Three-Year Plan for National Economic Development in Northeast China" outlines the determination and direction of revitalizing Northeast China in a grand manner. The main contents are as follows:

    First, use the power led by the autonomous government to initially establish a relatively complete industrial system related to the national economy and people's livelihood within three years, including railways, transportation, iron smelting, mining, coal, locomotive imitations, machine tools, tractors, chemical industry, and power generation.  , textile industry, food industry and military industry and other industrial sectors.  Each industry sets up an association, and the government appoints someone to serve as the secretary-general of the industry association, allowing and encouraging private capital financing to join. The government joins with real estate, supporting industries, or a small amount of cash as part of the shares.

    The steel and chemical industries are mainly concentrated in Anshan and Benxi Lake, the coal industry is concentrated in Fushun, Benxi Lake, and Fuxin, the oil shale and synthetic fuel industries are concentrated in Fushun and Jilin, the magnesite mining industry is concentrated in Haicheng and Dashiqiao, and hydropower is concentrated in  Jilin and the Yalu River, the machinery, arms, and aircraft industry center is Fengtian, while light industries such as textiles and food are concentrated in cities such as Dalian, Dandong, Harbin, and Qiqihar.

    In terms of finance, the government led the establishment of Northeast Industrial Bank and Northeast Bank of Communications, together with the already functioning Northeast Agricultural Bank. As commercial institutions of the Northeast Bank, they perform the function of deposit-taking and lending in the three northeastern provinces, and private capital is allowed to invest in these institutions in the form of a joint-stock system.  Three banks, but the proportion shall not exceed 50%.  With banks, corresponding currencies can be issued as needed, and related investments can be targeted at specific points.

    The most important difference between money and capital is: money is hidden on the body, while capital circulates in the market.  (Remember the website address: www.hlnovel.com
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