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Chapter 127 The Warlord Era

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    Looking at Yuan Shikai¡¯s subsequent failures, historians have their own opinions.  But what is undisputed is that after his death, his military leaders divided China into their own spheres of influence, thus forming another round of warlord disputes in China.  In the ten years before 1926 in official history, these warlords almost always ignored the Republic of China government that nominally ruled the country in Beijing. In order to compete for territory, they fought against each other and squandered the best wealth since the Beiyang warlords became a family.  Empty.  When the industrial economy could not provide its huge military expenditure, in order to obtain tax revenue, they brutally plundered the countryside and dragged China into a state of barbaric anarchy, making the early years of the Republic of China one of the worst periods in Chinese history.  .  While the Western powers were moving forward, China stagnated. Since then, it has lagged behind for decades in modern history, and China has been unable to recover.

    Several factors explain this tragic outcome of the decades-long response to the West.  First, China's vast territory has kept the mainland untouched by interactions with the West for many years.  The mainland amounts to a vast repository from which tradition-minded candidates for civil service have been produced for decades.  They formed a bureaucracy composed of intellectuals who were absorbed in the Confucian classics and therefore emphasized ethical principles rather than craftsmanship or war techniques.  This ruling class was further constrained by the fact that, with the exception of Chen Buddhism, China had little or no tradition of borrowing from abroad.  It is not surprising, then, that while China did change in the second half of the nineteenth century, its pace of change lagged far behind that of other countries responding to the West.

    ¡°However, bureaucrats cannot be allowed to bear all the responsibility for China¡¯s failure.  Young, Western-educated Chinese are also partly to blame.  Although some of them played a major role in the early Republic of China, they tried to establish some systems in China that were exactly the same as those they observed and learned from abroad, especially from the United States.  The system they established was naturally meaningless to the Chinese people and soon fell apart in the face of China's political reality.

    An American authority vividly described the failure of these unsophisticated politicians: "It is ridiculous to establish a replica of the American republic in China in 1911.  That kind of republic is a big problem."  Failure because it has no foundation in China¡¯s history, tradition, political experience, system, nature, beliefs, concepts or habits. It is foreign, empty, and added to China. It changes over time  It was quickly removed. It did not represent political thought, but was only a caricature of political thought, a crude, childish, schoolboy caricature.?¡­ This republic ended miserably, that is, failed miserably. However,  , it was not the republic that failed but a generation.¡±

    Yes, if we look at the politics of the early Republic of China from a modern perspective, especially the political situation after the political strongman Yuan Shikai, we will find that the entire central government is like a loose sand, and no one has absolute influence and restriction.  The head changes into the king's flag."  If it is a powerful country, like the modern United States, this kind of separation is a good thing. It can effectively prevent one family from becoming dominant and restrain each other in the handling of daily national affairs.  But in a divided country full of internal and external troubles, this kind of fragmentation is very dangerous.  Europe, the United States and Japan are competing to find their agents in China, which will make China continue to slide into the abyss of semi-colony and collapse.

    A country cannot be left without an owner for a day. After Yuan Shikai, who was emperor for 83 days, died, China returned to the old system of the original Republic of China.  Who will be president in this situation?  It was impossible to invite Sun Yixian back because it was the original Beiyang warlords who controlled the military and political power of the entire Republic of China.  In this case, it is impossible for them to be willing to invite Sun Yat-sen.  At this time, Li Yuanhong took advantage of the chaos and ran away from Yingtai and settled in Dongchang Hutong, Beijing. He lived in seclusion and avoided guests.

    According to the "Constitution of the Republic of China" at that time, if the president is going to die, the vice president should take over, and it is logical that Li Yuanhong should be the one to take over.  So the most famous Duan Qirui was pushed to Dongchang Hutong to invite Li Yuanhong.

    It is said that the person with the most power at that time was Duan Qirui. Duan Qirui had military power, administrative power, and was in charge of the State Council.  Some people ask, why is Duan Qirui not the president now?  At this time, Duan Qirui also knew that if he stood up to be president, he would become the target of public criticism. People who dissatisfied with him would form a tightrope to fight against him, and he would not be able to stop him if he offended the public.  After all, Lao Yuan's body was still cold, so how could he know that his subordinates who were loyal to Lao Yuan would not blame him for Lao Yuan's death. As a former follower, he was quite strongly opposed to Lao Yuan.

    So Duan Qirui thought, I have to find a puppet to be the president.  Who to look for? There is no one more suitable than Li Yuanhong.

    Although this "Brother Hong" has the merits of being the "first righteousness" in Wuchang, he is still under the leadership of the Central CommitteeLack of energy, his camp is in Hubei, and the Kuomintang has disrupted the grassroots.  Just letting him become the president is not just letting him be rounded and flattened, so why should he stick to his reputation and status?

    Another very popular one of the "Three Heroes of Beiyang", General Xuanwu Feng Guozhang, also wisely did not make the first move.  When Congress elected him vice president, he did not want to lose his territory, so he took office in Jiangsu and remained the governor of Jiangsu.  Just like in the era of Lao Yuan, the post was "received from a distance".

    One stone stirs up a thousand waves.  The chaos inside the customs also affected those outside the customs.  As the saying goes, there are no tigers in the mountains, but monkeys dominate.  Feng Delin just wanted to take advantage of the chaos in the world and make a big fuss, but no one would care, right?  Moreover, crying children are fed by milk. The current situation is unclear. In order to stabilize the situation outside the customs, someone might offer him an olive branch.

    Since Beijing could not control Fengtian's affairs, Feng Delin gave Zhang Zuolin an ultimatum, giving him a day's reply. Zhang then asked his ally Wu Junsheng to intervene. When Wu saw Feng Shigang mentioning the word "general", Feng cursed and said, "What the hell is he?"  ?" Wu Junsheng said a lot of good things to Feng and made a lot of mistakes. Feng Nai put forward three final and minimum conditions: (1) Employment and administration must be approved; (2) Fengtian's military and political expenses must not exceed the budget, and must be used as a last resort.  Coordinated handling; (3) Zhang Zuolin personally led all the officers of the 27th Division, including battalion commanders and above, to the 28th Division office to formally apologize.

    If this is the case, Zhang Zuolin's personnel power will be restricted, and Feng Delin will naturally extend his hand outside Beizhen and become the governor who is not the governor; the monopoly on financial power will also be divided, and it will naturally be unfair to continue to fund the Guard Brigade.  Not going well.  "Coordinated handling", Feng Delin naturally had to bargain over the military expenses for the expansion of seven battalions; the chief officer apologized to his deputy, and there was no need to talk about losing face.

    Zhang Hanqing was naturally very angry. He sneered and asked Zhang Zuolin: "With people and financial power divided in half, my father, as a general, is not worthy of his name. Moreover, Feng Delin has never been involved in government affairs, and now his father has also stepped back in civil affairs. I am afraid that Feng Delin will find it hard to satisfy his grievances.  Pushing the envelope even further. In my opinion, I rejected him outright. We are not afraid of him even if he uses knives or guns."

    Zhang Zuolin smiled bitterly: "You think I don't want to? The man named Feng deliberately chose a good time to cause trouble between me and me. Old Yuan passed away, and the world was in chaos. No matter who succeeded him, he didn't want the world to be in chaos. If I were at this time  We completely fell out with him and fought again and again. The person named Feng will be able to establish his own business immediately. If the two of us get into trouble, the Central Committee will most likely let the person named Feng serve as the governor of Rehe City in order to calm people's hearts. Rehe City  Tong Jiang Guiti is old, and I am confident that we can win Rehe. But if Feng becomes the capital commander, and his soldiers and horses are strong, the outcome will probably be 50-50. So no matter what,  I can only endure it.¡±

    He understands Feng¡¯s personality. This person is very aggressive and cannot bargain. The more he bargains, the higher he gets.  If you want to compromise, you must immediately agree to Feng's harsh conditions.  On June 11, Zhang Zuolin put on a wry smile and led his senior officers to the 28th Division office to apologize to Feng and agree to all Feng's conditions.  This trip made Lao Feng calm down. He also greeted him with a smile and invited two guardian envoys, Wu Xingquan and Ma Longtan, to accompany Zhang Zuolin for a few rounds of mahjong. Everyone played hahaha.

    A few days later, the Shanghai newspaper published the scene of him apologizing to Feng. He was so angry that he couldn't leave his house for several days. He ordered the interviewer to be arrested and began to inspect the post and telecommunications.  "What a shame! You're going too far!" Zhang Zuolin was furious. He felt deeply that this trip was very humiliating.

    Zhang needs to really cooperate with Feng, while Feng is pretending to cooperate with Zhang.  Shortly after this apparent reconciliation, Feng Delin detained all the county police chiefs appointed by Lao Zhang in his defense area and asked them to reveal how much red envelopes they had spent to buy the vacancies. He declared that he would settle the accounts with Lao Zhang and  It is said that Zhang Zuolin used this method to deal with Duan Zhigui and force him to step down in the past. Now Feng Delin is treating him in his own way.  Then, he sent out a call and led all the soldiers in the army to resign.  I don¡¯t know whether it¡¯s because of his high level or because he has capable people, but the telegram was written in a lively and informative way: ¡°Director Zhang is a very wise man and can conscientiously organize the military. Lin¡¯s officers and men are all subordinates and should retreat immediately.  A wise path.¡±

    ??The resignation of military personnel after powering up was a tactic used at that time to retreat in order to advance. Feng Delin led the entire army to resign this time, which was an innovation in the resignation of military personnel.  Zhang Zuolin couldn't bear the continuous losses and he personally sent Zhang Hanqing to solemnly negotiate with Feng Delin.

    Before proceeding, Zhang Hanrenqing had already confessed to his father. He came here to try hard to gain Feng Delin's understanding. As for the conditions, he still had to maintain what he had discussed last time - Lao Zhang had already made enough concessions.  He really can't give in anymore, otherwise, the general will give it to him!

    After half a year, Zhang Hanqing entered Feng Delin's home again, and the unhappiness in Beijing had gradually subsided.  At the door of his home, Feng Delin still didn't show any airs to his nephews. After all, Zhang and Feng had exchanged posts.  At that time, Feng Yong and another middle-aged general were present. Zhang and Feng, two Han ministers who had not known each other for a long time, greeted each other.

    On behalf of his father, Zhang Hanqing called him: "Uncle, Xueliang is here. It is my father's instruction to ask for advice from my uncle. My uncle wants to supervise personnel and finance. My father has agreed and informed the officials of the Fengtian Provincial Government. Regarding all the previous unhappiness, my father  I also apologized to my uncle in person. I don¡¯t know, a few days later, my uncle suddenly changed his mind again. My father wants to know, what exactly did he offend?"

    Even though Feng Delin was thick-skinned, he was still a little shy in front of Zhang Hanqing.  (Remember the website address: www.hlnovel.com)Even if they don't know each other, they greet each other.

    On behalf of his father, Zhang Hanqing called him: "Uncle, Xueliang is here. It is my father's instruction to ask for advice from my uncle. My uncle wants to supervise personnel and finance. My father has agreed and informed the officials of the Fengtian Provincial Government. Regarding all the previous unhappiness, my father  I also apologized to my uncle in person. I don¡¯t know, a few days later, my uncle suddenly changed his mind again. My father wants to know, what exactly did he offend?"

    Even though Feng Delin was thick-skinned, he was still a little shy in front of Zhang Hanqing.  (Remember the website address: www.hlnovel.com
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