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Chapter 132 One, three, one, another year of green east wind blowing

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    The minister is the deputy chief of the six central ministries after the Tang Dynasty.  By the Ming Dynasty, the Six Ministries had a yamen in Beijing and a team in Nanjing.  In this way, there were two ministers in each ministry. This was not enough, and he felt that it could not satisfy the ambitions of scholars all over the world, so he split the ministers in two and divided them into left ministers and right ministers.

    By the Qing Dynasty, there was only one institution, but the war had to be divided into Manchu and Han classes. If there was a Han minister, there must be a Manchu minister; if there were two Han ministers, there must be two Manchu ministers.  Compared with the Ming Dynasty, the number of personnel has not decreased at all. It is almost a change of soup without changing medicine.

    It is now the end of the Qing Dynasty. The newly established yamen such as the Commercial Department, the Patrol Department, and the Academic Department cannot find suitable manpower for a while, and their affairs are relatively simple. There is only one minister and two ministers in the department.  According to the custom, Manchus are the left servants and Han people are the right servants.  Even if there is a replacement in the future, it must be ensured that one of the three is Manchu.

    The minister is from the second rank. In today¡¯s terms, he is a member of the party group and executive deputy minister. He is the minister of the ministry together with the minister from the first rank.  Sun Yuanqi was originally an associate lecturer of the Hanlin Academy from the fourth rank, and he only served for half a year. Naturally, it was not easy to directly transfer to the second rank, so he added the word "acting" in front of him.  The so-called acting means that when an official becomes vacant or leaves office, other officials temporarily take over the position.

    ??Although they were ¡°agents¡± in the Qing Dynasty, about half of them would return to their original post or change to another post after the new official took office.  However, as of now, no one in the Qing Dynasty dares to boast that he is more familiar with the business of the new school than Sun Yuanqi, thanks to his achievements in compiling the "Preliminary Draft of the School System" and "The Charter of the Imperial School".  Therefore, in the academic department, everyone generally believed that Sun Yuanqi would definitely become a full-time official in the next one or two years and take off his "agent" hat.

    At the age of 20 or 30, he served as the position of Shang Shu and waiter. If he is a member of the Manchu family, everyone will not be surprised.  For example, Zai Zhen, mentioned above, was the same age as Sun Yuanqi, and both were born in the second year of Guangxu (1876). He became the Minister of the Ministry of Commerce in the 29th year (1903).  But if you are Han Chinese, especially in the capital during the peace years, there are very few people who become ministers under the age of thirty.  In addition, the left minister Xiying had been ill and might one day follow the late emperor. Everyone in the ministry was very respectful to Sun Yuanqi.

    Sun Yuanqi didn¡¯t care much about being appointed as the right minister of the Faculty of Science. He only felt that this position was more useful for him to promote the modern education system, so he did not refuse.  After taking office, he quickly divided the content of the department into three parts:

    Management departments that have little to do with education, such as office, personnel, records, confidentiality, finance, school buildings and other management departments, are directly handed over to the original officials in the ministry.  Those officials couldn't help but be happy when they saw that these lucrative and tricky subjects were entrusted to them, and they even praised Sun Yuanqi.

    Very closely related to education, for example, the country¡¯s education is divided into four categories: basic education, vocational education, higher education, and teacher education, and handed over to Zhang Yuanji, Luo Zhenyu, Wang Guowei, etc., and let them participate in writing together with teachers and students from the school  Institutional establishment plan and management regulations.

    Sun Yuanqi decided to take care of matters most related to education, such as textbook review, curriculum design, study tour affairs, science and technology awards, etc.  In the eyes of other officials in the academic department, including Rong Qing and Xi Ying, these tasks were complicated, boring, profitless, and fruitless, and they were absolutely unwilling to do them.  Now that Sun Yuanqi is rushing to do it, everyone can't help but praise Mr. Sun with the words "If you will never ask for easy things, never take refuge in things".

    After revising the paper "Superconductors and Superconductivity" and sending it for printing, Sun Yuanqi led several students from the Education Department of Jingshi University to devote themselves wholeheartedly to this great project.  In the busy work, the last days of 1905 were spent in a hurry.

    Although Sun Yuanqi paid no attention at all, and although famous professors such as Rutherford, Planck and Martin nominated Sun Yuanqi to the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, on December 10, 1905, the Swedes followed the course of history and awarded the fifth prize.  Nobel Prize.  Among the five awards awarded here, the winners in physics, chemistry, physiology or medicine are all German!

    It wasn¡¯t until one day before the Spring Festival that Sun Yuanqi received a letter from Rutherford that he remembered that this matter happened at the end of last year.  In the letter, Rutherford objectively described his views on the three science prize winners:

    "Robert Koch, a German doctor and bacteriologist, won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for his "outstanding contribution to the development of bacteriology." I don't know enough about this field to make an appropriate evaluation, but I  My colleague briefly described to me his important research results, which showed that specific bacteria can cause specific diseases. He won this award with a clear conscience for his pioneering achievements that attracted worldwide attention.

    "The one who got the chemist was Bayer. I think you have heard of this name when you come to Yank."¡ª¡ª¡±

    Seeing this, Sun Yuanqi couldn't help but smile slightly: If it were the 21st century and "German Bayer" was mentioned in China, many people would probably think of the German Bayer Group, a global pharmaceutical giant and one of the Fortune 500 companies;  Perhaps only those who know some scientific knowledge will think of this outstanding chemist who made the world colorful and colorful.  It should be noted that the chemist Bayer and Bayer, apart from being German and having the same Chinese translation, have nothing to do with each other.

    When talking about Bayer, we cannot fail to mention his teachers and disciples, because this is the most legendary story in the history of science: His teacher was Kekul¨¦ who discovered the benzene ring structure in his dream.  The name became almost a household name with this story.  And his student Fisher won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1902, three years before Bayer!  Fisher's student Warburg won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1931.  Warburg's student Kressis won the 1953 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine!

    Rutherford wrote in his letter, "This outstanding chemist was the first to discover the properties and molecular structure of the three basic modern dyes: indigo, sky blue, and crimson. He also researched and synthesized various organic dyes and aromatic dyes.  The agent has enabled women in the world to dress up more beautifully and more attractively than ever before. From this aspect, it is natural for him to receive this award. However, his achievements are more focused on application. From a long-term perspective,  , no doubt your theory is more important!

    "Relatively speaking, this year's physics prize is a bit inferior, because its winner is Lerner of the University of Kiel in Germany, in recognition of his work on cathode rays. The award committee believes that Lerner in 1898  The publication "On the Electrostatic Characteristics of Cathode Rays" was the first to determine that cathode rays are composed of negatively charged particles, so it has priority for this discovery. In fact? Yank's publication "On the Electrostatic Characteristics of Uranium, Polonium, and Radium Radiation Rays"  "Experimental Research" and "Experiments and Conjectures on Atomic Structure", but they were also in 1898. Moreover, the content of your paper is richer and more detailed, and the conclusions are more accurate and reliable. Anyone who is smart will never ignore these two papers from the Far East.  Independent research results! Obviously, the awards committee¡¯s eyes were blinded by country, race and skin color, and what they did will only fade the glory of this award"

    Sun Yuanqi had heard of the name Lerner and knew that he was an experimental physicist as famous as Thomson and Rutherford.  What made him even more famous was that he opposed Einstein's special theory of relativity and served as Hitler's physics advisor!

    As for the Nobel Prize issue, Sun Yuanqi smiled.  The famous scientists Mendeleev, Meitner, Avery, Bonnell, Wu Jianxiong, etc. did not win the Nobel Prize, but Ao Guanhai, who launched several wars in succession, was able to win the Peace Prize. This award is sometimes awarded  The injustice has already been concluded in my mind.

    In his reply to Rutherford, Sun Yuanqi answered the questions he and Martin encountered in their experiments, and attached his paper on superconductivity to show that although he failed to go to America to work, he was still not idle.  In addition, Sun Yuanqi hoped that he could come to work at Jingshi University at the right time.  Because in the vague impression, this man recognized as the greatest experimental physicist of the 20th century will return to the UK in the next few years and serve as the chairman of the physics department of the University of Manchester.

    Obviously, when Sun Yuanqi sent the paper "Superconductors and Superconductivity" to various countries, he just intended to add trouble to those physicists and save them from thinking wildly, but he did not expect the sensational effect this paper would bring.  .

    The second industrial revolution around the twentieth century was marked by the widespread application of electricity.  However, during the application process, everyone discovered that there is a huge loss during power transmission, which is unavoidable even if ultra-high voltage power transmission is used.  After seeing this paper, scientists will naturally wonder: Can they find a superconductor at room temperature, so that the loss can be minimized, and in theory it can even be zero loss!  When those big tycoons saw the phenomenon of superconductivity in the laboratory, they were also very excited and spent more money on scientists, hoping to find this material as soon as possible.

    Not to mention others, just the leader who just arrived at Jingshi University after the Spring Festival was shaken when he saw this paper. He said to Sun Yuanqi more than once: "Yanke, I think we are in the middle of studying electronic computers.  You can study superconductors by the way!"

    Sun Yuanqi knew that the leader was still obsessed with the grand free electricity project, but he also knew that researching superconductors was a bottomless pit, so he repeatedly rejected his unreliable ideas: "Mr. Tesla, I think we are developing an electronic computer."  Before, it wasn¡¯t suitable for multitasking!¡±

    In this way, Tesla devoted himself to the electronics laboratory and put the research on electronic computers into the fast lane.  (To be continued. If you like this work, you are welcome to come to Qidian (qidian.com) to vote for recommendations and monthly votes. Your support is my biggest motivation.) (Remember the website address: www.hlnovel.com  )Come to Qidian.com to vote for recommendations and monthly votes. Your support is my biggest motivation.  )(Remember the website address: www.hlnovel.com
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