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Chapter 6 5. The shadows of Sophora japonica trees cover the apricot altar

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    After entering the seventh month of the lunar calendar, Sun Yuanqi has been sitting in the Horse Temple. On the one hand, he is taking advantage of his memories to write physics textbooks for middle schools and universities. Because he does not know what the specific textbooks are now, he can only recall what the textbooks will look like in the 21st century; on the other hand, he is imagining and preparing  Papers sent to foreign countries.  As for the reform movement that was raging outside, Sun Yuanqi had no interest in politics. He also knew that he was powerless and had no way to save the day. Moreover, the water was too deep and he might drown in it.  Although it had nothing to do with me, I still dreamed of being pushed to the market entrance several times.

    ¡°It¡¯s going to rain and my mother wants to get married, so let him go!¡±

    On the sixth day of the lunar month, Ding Haoliang sent someone to deliver a letter of appointment, which was neatly written in calligraphy:

    "Letter of Appointment from Chongshi Middle School

    We hereby hire

    Mr. Sun Yuanqi is a Gezhi teacher in our school, with a term of one academic year and a monthly salary of 40 yuan.

    This is the appointment.

    Principal: (Ke Ninghan Yin)

    "July 5th, the 24th year of the reign of Emperor Guangxu of the Qing Dynasty"

    From the monogram on his name, you can know that the principal is a foreigner, but there is also a Chinese seal, which is a bit nondescript.  Sun Yuanqi didn't care and put it away carefully. This was his first job in the Qing Dynasty.  Two days later, I went to Ding Haoliang's house to express my thanks in person.  Following Ding Hailiang's instructions, he went to see Mr. Ke Ninghan.

    Mr. Ke Ninghan is also a pastor and has been the principal of Chongshi Middle School for six or seven years. He is a rigorous middle-aged man.  Compared with Ding Naoliang's fluent Beijing accent, Mr. Ke Ninghan's Chinese is somewhat poorer, but his conversation in English is smoother.  Seeing that Sun Yuanqi was so young, I had some doubts about his academic qualifications.  Sun Yuanqi didn't dare to be serious. Although he was a real master's degree, he had never set foot in the United States except for seeing it in movies and TV shows.  Since Sun Yuanqi was recommended by Mr. Ding Hailiang, Mr. Ke Ninghan was not too dissatisfied. He just gave some general instructions and lent Sun Yuanqi a copy of "Introduction to the Study of Objects" in order to familiarize himself with the course.

    On July 16, that is, September 1, 1898, Chongshi Middle School opened.

    Chongshi Middle School is located in Wanzhong Lane inside Chongwenmen. According to Mr. Ke Ninghan, there are 164 students in three categories: junior high, middle school and high school, but only 3 staff and 6 teachers. They need to be responsible for self-cultivation, reading and teaching, Chinese, and  Arithmetic, history, geography, style, natural history, English, drawing, gymnastics, singing and other courses.  Among them, all Gezhi classes in the school are taught by Sun Yuanqi.

    The first class is for advanced classes.

    The moment Sun Yuanqi stepped into the teacher's room wearing a long gown and cloth shoes, he had a feeling of transcending time and space, as if he was currently participating in that unsuccessful interview.  When he got to the stage, looking at the mixed students under the stage, he felt that the reality was too far away from his imagination, at least the gap between it and the middle school in the 21st century was so big that he couldn't adapt to it for a while: the desks under the stage were still  It is considered neat, but among the more than 20 people in a classroom, there are teenagers of fifteen or sixteen years old, and young people in their twenties. They are all wearing long gowns and dragging their braids, sitting in their seats neatly, curious.  He looked at the young and handsome new teacher carefully.  Mr. Ke Ninghan sat at the end of the classroom. He probably felt uneasy, so he came to listen to it himself.

    Sun Yuanqi cleared his throat: "My surname is Sun, my given name is Yuanqi, and my courtesy name is Baixi. From now on, I will teach you physics, also known as Gezhi. Perhaps, in the future, we will use the word 'physics' more commonly. The so-called 'physics',  It is the fundamental principle of all things. Before that, I would like to briefly introduce some general contents of classical physics. Classical physics is generally divided into four parts: mechanics, heat, optics, and electromagnetism. According to the differences in students' grades, the following arrangements are made:  The elementary class teaches acoustics and mechanics; the intermediate class teaches mechanics and thermal science; the advanced class teaches optics and electromagnetism. Because there are no suitable teaching materials at this stage, I hope everyone will listen carefully and take notes during class. If you have any questions in class, you can raise your hand to ask.  .¡±

    There was silence below, just staring at him.

    "Then, let's start the class. In the first class, we mainly describe the light phenomena around us." In this way, the first class began.  In class, Sun Yuanqi tried his best to use popular language and real-life examples to explain what a light source is, how light propagates in a straight line, what reflection is, and the laws of reflection.

    A class at Chongshi Middle School is one hour.  When the bell rang, Sun Yuanqi felt that his voice was a little hoarse, and finally asked: "Do you have any questions that you don't understand?"

    There was silence below.

    Sun Yuanqi packed up his lecture outline and walked out of the classroom.  At this time, Mr. Ke Ninghan also walked out of the classroom and said with a smile: "Mr. Johnson, your physics is rigorous and interesting, very good."

    "Thank you for the compliment, Mr. Ke Ninghan. Thank you very much for patiently listening to one of my classes." Sun YuanqiThere should be no problem in getting a reply.  "

    "This may be due to my misleading." Sun Yuanqi felt that he might be the first to say the term "nationaljingshiuniversity", "kingshimuniversity is also a good name, isn't it?"

    The two of them smiled at each other.  Mrs. Conger was a little confused: "Thesis? Young man, the paper you wrote? What is it about?"

    "Madam, you can call me york." Sun Yuanqi suspected that Mr. Conger didn't remember his name. "It's a paper I wrote about the rays of radium radiation."

    "That sounds interesting." Mrs. Conger said with great interest, "So, york, has your paper been published?"

    Sun Yuanqi also wanted to know the answer to this question and looked at Mr. Conger.  Mr. Conger shrugged: "It has been sent to "Science". Because the mail has to cross the Pacific, it will probably take a while before there is any news."

    In the scientific world of the 21st century, the American "Science" and the British "Nature" are absolutely god-like existences.  If you can publish an article on it, you will immediately be upgraded from a "rookie" to a "big expert".  The reason why Sun Yuanqi chose to apply for these two magazines was not because they were awesome, but because at the end of the 19th century, he only knew that these two magazines were founded:

    "Science": In 1880, Thomas Edison, the inventor of the electric light and one of the world's most famous scientists, founded Science Weekly.  Today, Science Weekly has become the comprehensive scientific publication with the most subscribers in the world.  Every week, Science Weekly uses superb editorial skills to provide two different scientific information to its 160,000 subscribers around the world: the week's most important news reports on science and science policy and a selection reporting the most significant breakthroughs in scientific research around the world.  paper.  In this sense, Science Weekly is both a traditional academic publication and a news magazine.

    "nature": There are a total of eleven publications in the nature family: the weekly nature (founded in 1869); the monthly naturegenetics (founded in 1992); naturestructuralbiology (founded in 1994); naturemedicine (founded in 1995); naturebiotechnology (1996)  (founded in 2000); natureneuroscience (founded in 1998); naturecellbiology (founded in 1999); natureimmunology (founded in 2000); and three other review journals naturereviewsgenetics, naturereviewsmolecularcellbiology, and naturereviewsneuroscience (founded in 2000).  The main purpose of establishing these journals is to publish the highest quality scientific papers in the industry, in any scientific field with great potential.  At the same time, some critical articles, new stories, brief descriptions, etc. are also published.  Submissions can also be in the form of letters, news, reviews, etc.

    Having said this, Sun Yuanqi took out a stack of paper from his schoolbag and handed it to Mr. Conger.  Upon closer inspection, it turned out to be a paper titled "Experiments and Conjectures on Atomic Structure."

    At the beginning of the 20th century, scientists were very curious about the structure of atoms, invested a lot of energy in research, and took many detours: after Thomson discovered electrons, he proposed a theory about the distribution of positive and negative charges in atoms.  A more reasonable model is that the positively charged parts of the atoms are evenly distributed in the atom, and electrons are embedded in it. People call it the "raisin bread model".  In order to test whether Thomson's model was correct, Rutherford designed an alpha particle scattering experiment in 1911. In the experiment, it was observed that most particles were deflected by about one degree after passing through gold foil.  But there are about 18,000 particles with a scattering angle ¦È>90 degrees, or even 180 degrees, causing back reflection.  The fact that ¦Á particles scatter at large angles cannot be explained by the Thomson model. Unless the positive charges in the atoms are concentrated in a small volume, the repulsive force will be large enough to cause ¦Á particles to scatter at large angles. On this basis,  Rutherford proposed the nuclear model of the atom, also known as the "Rutherford model". It is believed that there is a very small nucleus in the center of the atom, which concentrates all the positive charges and almost all the mass, and all the electrons are distributed in it.  around.  This is the first step towards a correct understanding of atomic structure.

    ¡°Junior high school students in the 21st century all know the structure of atoms.  But at this time, top scientists Thomson, Rutherford, Einstein and others are needed to research and discover.  These are the cornerstones of subsequent scientific development. Without this link, natural science will remain in its primary stage.  Sun Yuanqi's paper started from Thomson's discovery of electrons and the "Experimental Research on Uranium, Polonium and Radium Radiation Rays" written not long ago. He borrowed Rutherford's alpha particle scattering experiment to derive the famous Rutherford scattering formula.  , thus "guessing" that there is a very small nucleus in the center of the atom, which concentrates all the positive charges and almost all the mass; all the electrons are distributed around it and orbit.

    Mr. Conger didn¡¯t understand it very well, so he handed it to his wife. Naturally, she didn¡¯t understand it either.  Sun Yuanqi had no choice but to describe the background of the experiment in popular language, and carefully explained the experimental process and the significance of the experimental results.  Through the narration, the Congers finally understood something.

    "This is a very magical experiment. Are you going to publish this paper?" Mrs. Conger asked.

    "Yes, madam. But I don't know how to send it yet" Sun Yuanqi was completely ignorant of how the postal system works now, "So I wanted to ask Mr. Conger, hoping to get some help."

    Mr. Conger laughed loudly: "Then you came at the right time. My wife will leave for London, England in two days, because my son Thomas is studying in Cambridge, and she misses him so much. Maybe,  You can take the time to go to Nature magazine and deliver it in person."

    "Yes, you have to know that our Tommy also studies physics." Mrs. Conger was full of pride for her son, "I think I will be back at Christmas." (Remember this website address: www.hlnovel.com  )??I finally understand something.

    "This is a very magical experiment. Are you going to publish this paper?" Mrs. Conger asked.

    "Yes, madam. But I don't know how to send it yet" Sun Yuanqi was completely ignorant of how the postal system works now, "So I wanted to ask Mr. Conger, hoping to get some help."

    Mr. Conger laughed loudly: "Then you came at the right time. My wife will leave for London, England in two days, because my son Thomas is studying in Cambridge, and she misses him so much. Maybe,  You can take the time to go to Nature magazine and deliver it in person."

    "Yes, you have to know that our Tommy also studies physics." Mrs. Conger was full of pride for her son, "I think I will be back at Christmas." (Remember this website's website address: www.hlnovel.com
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