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Text 918¡¾Economics¡¿

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    During the holiday, there were only a few officials on duty in the Imperial Academy.

    Zhu Minghao took the outline of the thesis he wrote last night and went to the library of the Imperial Academy to search for information.

    As soon as he entered the library, he bumped into Zhu Cizhao, "Mr. Zhaoqi, there is a five-day holiday for the Shangsi Festival, and you will come to study knowledge after only three days." "Isn't Zhu Yushi also here?" Zhu Minghao laughed.

    Yushi is a respectful title, the ancient official name of a librarian, just like calling a magistrate a prefect.

    Zhu Cizhao's biological mother and sister were both accepted as concubines by the emperor.  Although the final score is a bit messy, it does not prevent Zhu Cizhao's status from rising.  Of course, the emperor was rather stingy, and he didn't award any titles. He just promoted Zhu Ciyi from an ordinary official to a small official in charge of the library.  Zhu Ciyi was about to speak when he saw Song Yingxing coming in with a cane.  "Meet Shou Kui!" The two quickly bowed to each other.

    Song Yingxing waved his hand and said: "I've retired, and I'm no longer the chief assistant. I came here today just to find a few books." Zhu Ciyi quickly asked, "What books does Shoukui want to read, juniors go find it immediately." No need.  "Song Yingxing waved his hand.

    Zhu Ciyi and Zhu Mingjin supported Song Yingxing to walk in from left to right.  Not long after, the cabinet minister Wu Yingji also came.

    Zhu Ciyi felt very rare that a retired chief minister and a current cabinet minister came to the library to get together today.

    Song Yingxing was actually in good health, but when the rheumatism broke out, he couldn't get out of bed because of the pain.  After the beginning of spring, the symptoms eased, and I was able to walk on crutches by myself.  After he resigned, he did not return to Jiangxi immediately, but stayed in Nanjing intending to make a Bodhisattva book.

    Wu Yingji sat down next to Ruo Song Yingxing, Zhu Cizhao brewed good tea himself, and then stood by and listened to what they had to say.  Wu Yingji said: "Yesterday, what Shou Kui said made me suddenly understand."  The core of this economics seems to be in the word "currency".  The word "economy" has existed in ancient times, and it is the abbreviation of "Economizing the country and benefiting the people" and "Economizing the world and benefiting the people".  But Zhao Han often used it in other words, and the ministers gradually got used to it, and the meaning of the word gradually changed to the economy of later generations.

    Song Yingxing said: "Since ancient times, when it comes to economics, Guanzi must be the most important."  Guan Zhong talked about the three powers of economic contingency.  When I was young, I inspected all kinds of industries, when I was in my prime, I minted coins for the court to make money, and in my later years, I assisted Your Majesty in sorting out the state affairs.  Usually talking with His Majesty, I also learned a lot.  Now that I am retired at home, reading "Zengzi" again, I have a new experience.  "Please enlighten me." Wu Yingji handed over.

    ? Song Yingxing said, "Zeng Zhongzhi's right of heaven refers to the time of day. Floods, droughts, locusts, snow and epidemics will all affect a country's economy."  Land rights refer to property, including cultivated land, mines, woods, and lakes.  There is a saying about human rights, which is also the core of economics.

    Wu Yingji said: "The human rights I understand are adjustment and opening and closing."

    Adjustment is the country's grain storage in good years and the balustrade in bad years.  To put it bluntly, the government manipulates commodities and prices to achieve the goal of governing the country, weakening enemies, cracking down on profiteers, and stabilizing society.

    Opening and closing can be understood as macro-control, encouraging or restricting certain commercial behaviors, and guiding the market to develop in accordance with the government's vision.  These contents, the pipe fittings are very clear.

    Song Yingxing said: "The changes of the world have changed over time. Some of the economic methods in "Zengzi" are outdated now, and some of them are missing. Compared with the pre-Qin period, all industries are prosperous today.  Coins are also used to buy goods.  There is also the right to land rights. From there, Spain shipped countless silver to China.  Xingxi's geographical advantage can also be used by China through commercial trade.  "

    Wu Yingji nodded and said: "Indeed."  "

    Song Yingxing also said, "Guan Zhong manages the country through financial management, advocating frugal use and enriching the people."  This is right, but he uses rituals to enrich the people and govern.  The reasoning is generally correct, but it needs to be changed slightly.

    "It is necessary to change it." Wu Yingji said.

    Guan Zhong's "Enriching the People with Government", the content is: lightly collect agricultural taxes, collect commercial taxes equally, limit the number of merchants, carefully expropriate corvees, and ensure agricultural production.  Zhao Han's philosophy of governing the country is roughly the same as this set of methods.  But instead of restricting the number of merchants, it is encouraging the development of industry and commerce.

    Guan Zhong's "Festival with propriety".  On the surface, it is talking about what clothes the emperor, princes, and doctors should wear, but it is actually talking about the country's administrative expenses.  Don't set up official positions that don't do anything, and don't confer unnecessary titles indiscriminately. The Song and Ming dynasties obviously violated Guan Zhong's thought.  There were a lot of redundant officials in the Song Dynasty, and a large nest of clans in the Ming Dynasty.  But some of Guan Zhong's methods are obviously outdated.

    ?For example, Guan Zhong said that the government can do business in person, which will inevitably make the market deserted.  When the market is deserted, there will be fewer merchants, and agricultural labor will be sufficient.  When agriculture is booming, there will be no shortage of national tax revenue.

    This is obviously because of the low productivity at that time, so the agricultural labor force must be guaranteed, and the number of merchant groups must be suppressed.  Suddenly, Song Yingxing said to Zhu Cizhao:?"I once read a copy of "Xujiang Anthology". I don't know if it is here. You can find it.  Zhu Ciyi asked, "Which dynasty is this "Xujiang Anthology"?" Song Dynasty.  "Song Yingxing said.

    Zhu Ciyi acted immediately and found it soon, but it was already rotten.  Song Yingxing said to Wu Yingji, "This book has "Strategies for Enriching the Country." Wu Yingji flipped through it curiously, and started reading it on the spot.

    ?The first article talks about the need for money to govern the country, and officials should not shy away from talking about profit.  The second one is to curb land mergers.  The fifth article is to suppress the number of borrowings.  The seventh chapter discusses the making of seals in Yicang.  The third and eighth chapters deal with money.  The fourth, sixth, ninth, and tenth chapters discuss industry and commerce.

    The author Li Liang, when discussing the land issue, from the perspective of labor force and means of production, believes that land is beautiful and destroys the close combination of labor force "peasant" and means of production (land).  Therefore, it will definitely hinder agricultural production.

    When discussing currency, it also talked about inflation and deflation, and believed that prices that were too high or too low were not good for the people.  In addition, cheap grain hurts farmers, and expensive grain hurts farmers.  When discussing industry and commerce, industrial and commercial practitioners are divided into three categories: wealthy businessmen, wealthy industrialists, small handicraftsmen, and small traders.  (Li Kai believes that the industrial and commercial people engaged in the production and distribution of luxury goods in the Tang Dynasty are "vagrants" and should be cracked down and let them do business.) "This is really a great Confucianism!" Wu Yingji sighed after reading it.

    Li Liang is of course Dawu of the Northern Song Dynasty, Zeng Gong is his student, and Wang Anshi is his friend.  He was able to go to Taixue to teach because Fan Zhongyan recommended it many times.

    ? Fan Zhongyan¡¯s New Deal and Wang Anshi¡¯s Reform were more or less influenced by some of Li Liang¡¯s economic thoughts.  Song Yingxing said: "Since ancient times, Bodhisattvas in our country have been established at a high level, but I heard that Qintianyuan adopted the ideas of European scholars and did the opposite. Break down a big thing so that it cannot be further divided.  To study these small details. We study economics, can we do the same?"

    After the envoys returned from Europe, they brought back Descartes' thoughts, which the Qintian Academy unanimously agreed with, and now the epistemology and methodology of scientific research have been established.

    Song Yingcheng is the person who wrote "Tiangong Kaiwu", and he always likes to explore the details and process.  Reminded by the situation of Qintianyuan, the idea of ??re-studying economics was born.  "How to subdivide" Wu Yingji felt at a loss.  "Currency!"

    Song Yingxing said, "National use and people's livelihood, local agriculture, industry and commerce are nothing more than goods and currency."  Goods are real and yang, currency is virtual and yin, the combination of virtual and real, and the interaction of yin and yang, is a complete economy.  '

    Wu Yingji thought carefully and subconsciously nodded in agreement.

    "Is it possible to define these economic terms like studying physics and mathematics?" Song Yingxing said, "goods" are goods, and things are things.  Let¡¯s define things first, the sun, the moon, mountains and rivers, black beasts, fish and insects, flowers, trees, grass and rocks, everything that can be seen everywhere is a thing.  Wu Yingji said: "When things are exchanged, they are goods!"

    Song Yingxing said, "It's not enough. Things are dead, and they need people to exchange them. Fish are in the water, and they can be sold after they are caught. Iron is in the mountains, and it can only be mined and refined. If things are turned into goods, people need to work.  Only labor is not enough. If you catch fish and eat it yourself, but don¡¯t sell it, it is not called goods. Therefore, the definition of goods is labor objects that appear for trade.

    "Excellent!" Wu Yingji applauded.

    Suddenly, Wu Yingji said to Zhu Ciyi: "Please fetch your pen."  "

    Zhu Cizhao ran very fast, poured water and grinded the ink himself, and said courteously: "The two gentlemen continued to say, the younger generation is here to record."

    Wu Yingxiao muttered to himself: "What elements should the currency have? It is used to exchange goods, as long as it can be exchanged, it doesn't have to be gold, silver and copper coins. In the early years, some places in Yunnan still used shell coins.  Song Yingxing said, "Currency is also a kind of goods, because it contains all the elements of goods. But it is different from ordinary goods. It is a currency that can be exchanged for any goods."

    Wu Yingmei said, "Goods have a price, and money has value."  In the exchange of currency and currency, the value must be equal, at least both buyers and sellers think that they are equal in value.  Therefore, currency is an equivalent currency, and it is an equivalent currency specially used for transactions.

    "It can be defined in this way," Song Yingxing turned his head and said, "write it down."  "Zhu Ciyi hurriedly moved his pen to record the content quickly.

    Song Yingxing said: "Money and currency have already been defined."  Let's define a few requirements for the goods.  How did the goods come from?"

    "There must be people, no, there must be workers, or producers," said the Ouija Book. "It is not enough to have producers. You can't make goods out of thin air. You must rely on certain resources. For example, mining, there must be mines  , and like farming, you must have land. What are these things called? Song Yingxing said: "Production materials."

    "Yes," Wu Ying said with a smile, "producers use production materials and turn them into goods through labor. Is this land considered a commodity? Land can be bought and sold in the previous dynasty, and it can also be rented and sold by the court to merchants to set up factories in the new dynasty."  , then is it production material or goods?¡±

    Song Yingxing said, "When it is used for trading, the land is a commodity, and when it is used for production, the land is a material for production." The two of them sat in the intermediary room of the library, and they stroked each other sentence by sentence.

    Zhu Cihui sat beside him, listening and taking notes.  Although some of them can understand, some can't understand, but he is very interested in it. What's the point of writing novels? Studying economics is interesting.¡°So,¡± Wu Ying said with a smile, ¡°producers use production materials and turn them into goods through labor.  Is this land considered a commodity? Land could be bought and sold in the previous dynasty, and it can also be rented and sold by the court to merchants to set up factories in the new dynasty. So is it a production material or a commodity?"

    Song Yingxing said, "When it is used for trading, the land is a commodity, and when it is used for production, the land is a material for production." The two of them sat in the intermediary room of the library, and they stroked each other sentence by sentence.

    Zhu Cihui sat beside him, listening and taking notes.  Although some can understand, some can't understand, but he is very interested in it. What's the point of writing novels? Studying economics is interesting.
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